Objective To explore the mechanism of the influence on mice brain of environmental tobacco smoke. Methods After the mice were placed into the bench for 8 weeks, the region of the mice brain was localized and the expression of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters receptors were detected by immunohistochernistry.Results ( 1 ) The expression of GABA in the mice cerebral cortex ( CC ) ( 0. 25 ± 0. 06 ) and the hippocampus (Hip) (0. 19 ± 0. 07 ) were much higher in the ETS-exposed group than that in the control group(P＜ 0. 05 ). (2)The expression of nAChR on CC(0. 31 ±0. 10) was much more in the ETS-exposed group than that in control group(P＜0.05). (3) The expression of NMDAR( Glu receptors) on the CC and striate cortex were much higher in the ETS-exposed group(0.32 ±0. 10,0.38 ±0. 14), NIC-inhaling group(0.31 ±0. 08,0.31 ± 0. 11 ) than that in control group(P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions Long-term ETS-exposed and NiC-exposed environment could change the expression of neurotransmitter and its receptors.

Objective:To improve the determination method for compound sodium acetate injection. Methods:Atomic absorption spectrophotometry ( AAS) was used to determine sodium chloride, calcium chloride and potassium chloride in compound sodium acetate injection. Results:The linear range of calcium ion, potassium ion and sodium ion was 9.124 ×10 -7-1.369 ×10 -5 g·ml-1(r =0.999 5),1.501 ×10 -7 ~4.504 ×10 -6 g·ml-1(r=0.999 2) and 7.500 ×10 -8-2.251 ×10 -6 g·ml-1(r=0.999 5), and the av-erage recovery was 100. 4%(RSD=1. 4%,n=9),102. 4%(RSD=1. 6%,n=9) and 100. 3% (RSD=1. 1%,n=9), respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple, accurate and reproducible, and can be used to control the quality of compound sodium acetate in-jection.

Objective:To prepare flupirtine maleate dry suspension and establish its quality control method. Methods: The dry suspension was prepared by a powder direct mixing method. With the sedimentation and redispersibility as the indices,the suspending effect of the hydrophilic polymers HPMC and CMC-Na was investigated. The optimal formula was obtained. The viscosity was deter-mined by a rotary viscometer. An HPLC fluorescence method was used to determine the content of main component. Results:The sedi-mentation ratio of flupirtine maleate dry suspension was 1 in 3h with good redispersibility and liquidity. The cumulative dissolution in 30min was above 80%. Conclusion:The quality of the prepared flupirtine maleate dry suspension is stable and controllable, and the production process is feasible, which provides basis for the research and development of new preparation of flupirtine maleate.

BACKGROUND: Different processes of thinking may lead to the same results, which represent one of the forms of the complexity of the human brain.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the similarity in the results of thinking and difference in the thinking process by means of questionnaires.DESIGN: A comparative analysis of the answers in the final term examination with the difference in answers analyzed by x2 test with contingency table.SETTING: Department of Physiology, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology.PARTICIPANTS: This study was conducted between June and November,2004, involving totally 300 volunteered second-year medical students (150male and 150 female, aged 20-22 years) of the medical school of Henan Science and Technology University who took their final examination in physiology.METHODS: The first "question for thinking" in the final examination was taken as an example, and the papers with full score for this question (completely correct group, n=42) and zero score (totally wrong group, n=49)were chosen, from which one paper was randomly selected from each group. The first 10 words in the answer to the question was used as the control and compared with the answers of the other papers word by word.Each same word was given a score of 1 and otherwise a score of 0, and the number of the same words and different words were counted for comparison. Meanwhile the total words of the answer were also counted and compared. The difference in the answers was analyzed with x2 test with contingency table.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The difference in the first 10 words between completely correct group and totally wrong group.RESULTS: Totally 42 students in the complete correct group and 49 in totally wrong group were included in the final result analysis. The number of the total words of the answer was different between the students in spite of the same scores. The first 10 words of the chosen paper in completely correct group was significantly different from those in the other 41 papers (x2=270.978, P ＜ 0.01); there was also significant difference in the first 10words between the chosen paper and the other 41 papers in totally wrong group (x2=285.153, P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: Longitudinal thinking as well as lateral thinking processes are different between persons.

In order to investigate the possible role of ONOO- in regulatory disorder of pulmonary arterial tension in endotoxic shock, the responses of rabbit pulmonary arterial rings (PARs) preincubated with ONOO- to endothelial dependent and receptor dependent relaxants acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), endothelial dependent and receptor independent relaxant A23187, endothelial independent relaxant sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) were observed in vitro in accumulative manner. Results were as follow: (1) Relaxations of PARs to ACh, A23187 and ADP were markedly impaired with shift of accumulative dose response curve of each agonist to the right. Inhibition of endothelial dependent and receptor dependent or independent relaxation by ONOO- was dose dependent. (2) ONOO- incubation inhibited SNP-induced relaxation in a dose dependent manner. Accumulative dose response curve of SNP was right shift to some degree depending on the doses of ONOO-. (3) Contractile response of PARs to PE varied with the different doses of ONOO-. In PARs preincubated with 0.5 mmol/L ONOO-, contractile reponse was significantly enhanced with shift of PE accumulative dose response curve to the left, while in PARs preincubated with 1.0 mmol/L or 2.0 mmol/L ONOO-, it was markedly reduced with right shift of PE accumulative dose response curve. (4) Vehicle of ONOO- had no effect on responses to every agonist, whereas decomposed ONOO- had minimal effect on the response to PE and ADP. In contrast, relaxation of PARs to ACh, A23187 and SNP were enhanced. These results suggested that direct effect of ONOO- on pulmonary artery may be a key factor contributing to regulatory disorder of pulmonary arterial tension induced by LPS and pulmonary hypertension in the early stage of endotoxic shock.

The peak plantar pressure and percentage of peak time were evaluated using the Foot scan Plate System in the walking patients without footwear. Diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy have abnormal plantar pressure distribution, with higher peak plantar pressure in the third and fifth caput of metatarsus and hallux, and longer percentage of peak time.

Objective To investigate the related factors of phlebitis caused by PICC and support effective preventive nursing measures. Methods 163 patients diagnosed as malignant tumor who first used peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) were recruited. Patients were observed for 3 months. According to the diagnostic criterion of infection, 34 patients with phlebitis were divided into the phlebitis group and others were divided into the control group. All patients were investigated for general information survey :sex, age, tumor type, allergic history,location of inserted vein, one-time success rate,activity after catheter, elbow bending,phlebitis occurred time, grade and type. Laboratory markers:WBC,neutrophils,immune parameters, fasting plasma glucose. Trait anxiety inventory (T-AI)was used for assessment of emotional state. Case-control study between groups was carried out. Results The results of univariate analysis showed that location of inserted vein,times of inserting vein,activity of inserted limb,elbow bending,blood sugar level and emotion were associated with phlebitis. Sex, age, tumor type, allergic history, immune function,WBC,neutrophils were not involved with phlebitis. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PICC through basilica vein was the protective factor. Multiple insertions, more activity of inserted limb,durative anxious emotion were the risk factors of phlebitis. Conclusions Different location of vein,times of inserting vein,activity of inserted limb,elbow bending,high blood glucose level and persistent anxious emotion are the risk factors of phlebitis. Taking effective preventive measures before,during, and after PICC can reduce the incidence of phlebitis.

Objective To investigate the induced-factors levels of venous thrombosis associated with the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) in patients with malignant tumor,and establish intervention model accordingly. Methods 40 patients complicated with venous thrombosis after PICC were set as the thrombosis group, 40 patients without venous thrombosis were selected as the no-thrombosis group, 30 healthy cases were selected as the control group. All cases' serum samples were ob-tained to measure the levels of molecular biomarkers of the coagulation system, platelet parameters and molecular biomarkers of the fibrinolysis system. The results of the three groups were assessed. Results Patients in the thrombosis group were reported significantly higher levels of vWF, GMP140,TAT than those in both two other groups, but lower levels of ATⅢ. Higher levels of MPV and PCT were found in the throm-bosis group than those in both two other groups.Tthe data also showed higher PLG and PAI levels and lower levels of PLM in the thrombosis group. Conclusions From this study it shows that patients with malig-nant tumors during the placement of PICC have evident hypercoagnlahility, high- activated platelet and se-vere pre- thrombosis state caused by PICC. In treatment of malignant tumor patients with PICC, the level of coag-ulation system molecular markers, platelet parameters,fibrinolysis molecular markers shoud be used as a clinical routine and as the index of early intervention and evaluation of the PICC.

[Abstract ] Objective The spleen plays an important role in brain ischemia-induced cerebral injury.This study aimed to ex-plore the correlation of the spleen mass index with the neurological function scores and infarction volume following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery ( pMCAO) in rats. Methods Thirty male SD rats were equally randomized into a sham operation, a 3-day brain ischemia, and a 7-day brain ischemia group.The pMCAO model was established by ligation in the right brain of the rats. Neurological function scores were obtained with the Longa 5-Point Scale at 0, 3, and 7 days after modeling, and at 3 and 7 days, the spleen mass index was calculated, the infarction volume measured by TTC, and brain histopathological changes evaluated by HE stai-ning. Results Compared with the 7-day ischemia group, the 3-day ischemia rats showed significantly reduced spleen mass index ([1.62 ±0.58] vs [0.87 ±0.59] mg/g) and increased neurological function score (1.00 [1.00, 1.25] vs 2.00 [1.75, 2.25]) and infarct volume ([18.67 ±7.92] vs [36.20 ±14.92]%) (all P<0.05).An extremely significant decrease was found in the spleen mass index of the 3-day ischemia rats in comparison with that of the animals in the sham operation group ([1.90 ±0.22] mg/g) (P<0.01).HE staining revealed more obvious pathological injury of the cerebral cortex in the 3-day than in the 7-day group.The spleen mass index was negatively correlated with the neurological dys-function score (r=-0.851, P=0.019) and infarction volume (r=-0.717, P =0.013). Conclusion In pMCAO rats, measure-ment of the spleen mass index contributes significantly to the preven-tion and improvement of ischemia-induced cerebral injury.

This study was designed to invesigate vasodilatory action of exogenous peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and effect of endothelial cells on ONOO- -induced relaxation in isolated rabbit pulmonary arterial rings (PARs). Results were as follows: (1) In precontracted PARs, ONOO- could give rise to vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner. Relaxations of PARs to ONOO- at doses of 10-5 mol/L, 5×10-5 mmol/L and 10-4 mol/L were 11.09%±1.84%, 31.10%±3.53% and 64.35%±3.83%, respectively, all of which were significantly higher than those of decomposed ONOO- with 5.88%±1.27%、16.15%±1.82% and 34.44%±3.26% at same concentrations, respectively. (2) Compared with SNP and ACh, ONOO- had weak relaxant action. (3) ONOO- induced more significantly enhanced relaxation in denuded endothelial PARs than in intact endothelial PARs. (4) In this experimental condition, the relaxation of PARs to 10-6 mol/L ACh remained unchanged before and after observation of relaxation to ONOO-. (5) The relaxations of PARs to 5×10-5 mol/L ONOO- in repetitively administered manner appeared progressively decreased. These results suggested that ONOO- might be implicated in pulmonary hypertension in the early stage of endotoxic shock.