The studied subjects were the healthy persons, who exposured of animals feeding and dirty water everyday, from 18 to 60 years old. Those subjects were divided into 4 age groups, the prevalence male-female was equivalent and the degree of age was distributed regularly in each group. The studied time was from June 2003 to February 2004. The places of taking blood were at Yen Dinh and Nhu Thanh districts, Thanh Hoa province. A serological survey for antibody level against leptospirosis infection in Thanh Hoa province showed that the positive rate in serum of healthy adults was 82.3% and 74.4% in two districts Nhu Thanh and Yen Dinh. The risk factors included have contact with dirty water, working in the rice field and animals feeding
Leptospirosis ; risk factors ; epidemiology

*Epidemiology ; *Leptospirosis ; *Malaysia

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged

Adult ; Aged ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective: To analyze the incidence of leptospirosis in Fujian province from 2015 to 2020 and provide the scientific evidences for the risk assessment, prevention and control of leptospirosis. Methods: The incidence data of leptospirosis in Fujian during 2015-2020 were collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention for a descriptive analysis, and software ArcGIS 10.3.1 was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis, and rats were captured in 17 surveillance areas during the same period, and the rat organs were collected for pathogen culture, the level of Leptospira antibody was detected in serum samples of rats, healthy population and the serum samples of patients sent by the hospitals. The infection status of Leptospira in human and rats were analyzed. Results: The incidence of leptospirosis in Fujian showed a downward trend from 2015 to 2020. A total of 176 cases of leptospirosis were reported. There were obvious seasonality and bimodal distribution. The majority of cases were farmers, accounting for 49.43% (87/176). Most cases were aged 30-69 years (85.80%, 151/176). The male to female ratio of the cases was 3.51∶1 (137∶39). Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that leptospirosis had high or low clustering areas. From 2015 to 2020, the average capture rate of rats in 17 surveillance areas was 6.96% (1 519/21 838), Rattus losea, Rattus flavipectus and Niviventer fulvescens were the main species. The average positive rate of Leptospira antibody in rats was 28.64% (252/880). Java and Autumnalis were the predominant serogroups, accounting for 56.75% (143/252) and 17.46% (44/252), respectively. The average positive rate of Leptospira antibody in healthy population was 16.13% (254/1 575), and Autumnalis and Australis were the predominant serogroups, accounting for 71.65% (182/254). The confirmation rate of leptospirosis in patient serum samples sent by the hospitals was 2.23% (188/8 431), Autumnalis (56.38%, 106/188) and Hebdomadis (19.68%, 37/188) were the major serogroups. Conclusions: The incidence of leptospirosis in Fujian showed a downward trend from 2015 to 2020, there were obvious area clustering and seasonality. The high clustering areas were mainly distributed in northern, western and central Fujian. Java and Autumnalis were the predominant serogroups in rats. The infection rate in healthy population decreased year by year. Autumnalis and Hebdomadis were the main serogroups in population in Fujian.
Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leptospira ; Leptospirosis/epidemiology* ; Male ; Rats ; Serogroup

OBJECTIVETo detect leptospiral antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in north-east of Iran.

METHODSThis study was conducted to evaluate prevalence of human leptospiral infections by MAT, using six current reference strains of Leptospira interrogans in north-east of Iran. A total of 285 serum samples were collected from three north-east provinces of Iran, from December, 2009 to June, 2010.

RESULTSAntibodies were detected at least against one serovar of Leptospira interrogans in 45 sera (15.79 %) among 285 samples at a dilution 1:100 or greater. Positive titers against more than one serovar were detected in 24 sera of the positive samples. Therefore, there were 75 positive reactions against different serovar of Leptospira interrogans. Positive titers were recorded against serovar icterohaemorrhagiae (31 samples), hardjo (26 samples), grippotyphosa (7 samples), pomona (5 samples), canicola (4 samples) and ballum (2 sample).

CONCLUSIONSIn present study the most prevalent (Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae) and the least prevalent (Leptospira ballum) serovar are different from previous studies. Maybe, species and prevalence of serovars change during the time in one area and between regions.

Agglutination Tests ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; immunology ; Humans ; Iran ; epidemiology ; Leptospira ; classification ; immunology ; Leptospira interrogans ; immunology ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; immunology ; Prevalence ; Serogroup

OBJECTIVEThe study was designed to find out the epidemic characteristics of leptospriosis and to develop effective intervention measures. The effects of floods on leptospriosis in some areas along Yangzi river and Huai river in Anhui province was also analysed.

METHODSStudy on serum epidemiology of leptospriosis was carried out from serous samples collected from native residents and animal hosts including isolation of pathogens at different phases (before,middle and after) and different monitoring spots,during the floods.

RESULTSInfection rate with leptospriosis pathogen among native residents was 13.49% during the flood-period,much higher than 2.18% at post-flood (chi2 = 22.78, P < 0.01) stage, in the flood-affected areas along Yangzi river in 1998. The average rates of infection were 2.48% and 5.35% in affected and unaffected areas along Huai river respectively, in 2003.

CONCLUSIONSThere was full evidence that floods causing the epidemics of leptospriosis. However, the transmission of leptospriosis among people would depend on affecting factors as scales of floods, lasting time, coincidence between flood happening and epidemic season, immuno-protection level against leptospriosis among people and so on to a great extent. Factors as the magnitude of pathogens carried by various kinds of infectious sources were also important determinants affecting the nature, being epidemic or pandemic of leptospriosis. It was suggested that active surveillance network on the sources of infection and risk factors of leptospriosis should be developed for the control and prevention of the disease, in the flood-hit areas.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Floods ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rivers ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of impoundment and active public health interventions on rodent populations and rodent-borne diseases in the Three Gorges reservoir region from 1997 to 2012.

METHODSSurveillance data from 1997 to 2012 were extracted from the Public Health Surveillance System of The Three Gorges established in 1997. Temporal changes in the incidences of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and leptospirosis, rodent density, pathogen-carrying rates, and their correlations were analyzed.

RESULTSThe average indoor and outdoor rodent densities decreased overall from 1997 to 2012. The average densities decreased by 47.72% (from 4.38% to 2.29%) and 39.68% (from 4.41% to 2.66%), respectively, after impoundment (2003-2012) compared with before impoundment (1997-2002). The average annual incidence rates of HFRS and leptospirosis were 0.29/100,000 and 0.52/100,000, respectively, and decreased by 85.74% (from 0.68/100,000 to 0.10/100,000) and 95.73% (from 1.47/100,000 to 0.065/100,000), respectively, after impoundment compared with before impoundment. Incidences of HFRS and leptospirosis appear to be positively correlated with rodent density in the reservoir area.

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that rodent density and incidences of rodent-borne diseases decreased and were maintained at low levels during construction of the Three Gorges dam. Measures that reduce rodent population densities could be effective in controlling rodent-borne diseases during large-scale hydraulic engineering construction.

Animal Distribution ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hantavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Population Density ; Rodent Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; virology ; Rodentia ; Seasons ; Time Factors ; Water Supply ; Zoonoses

OBJECTIVETo analyze the changes of leptospirosis epidemic characteristics before and after the Phase 2 'reservoir store water project' in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges dam area and to provide prevention, control and intervention measures to prevent the spread of leptospirosis from infectious focus to the Three Gorges dam area and downstream region of Changjiang River.

METHODSChangshou district and Fengdu county were selected as surveillance sites. We monitored the source of infection through examining the serum antibody of patients, healthy groups together with farm cattle measured by micro agglutination test (MAT).

RESULTSporadic cases were reported before and after the storage of water in the reservoir. There was no significant difference found between mouse density before and after the Phase 2 reservoir project (chi2 = 1.00, P > 0.05). The main species of rat were Sewer rat before and Insectivorea after the storage of water. The germ-carrying rate of rats was 1.72% (10/583) and positive carrying rate of rats was 16.51% (18/109) when using PCR. Results showed a significant difference when comparing it to culture method (chi2 = 51.80, P < 0.01). Positive rate of leoptopirosis appeared in the serum of patients was 73.33% (33/45) with the major serum group as the Australia group. The rate of infection among the healthy group was 26.84% (233/868). There was significant difference seen between the serum antibody positive rate of epidemic prophase (23.85%) and epidemic anaphase (29.86%) of the healthy group (chi2 = 3.99, P < 0.05). The GMRT of ox serum antibody of leoptopirosis was 29.97 with Bailen group as the predominant microbial population.

CONCLUSIONThere was no epidemics of leptopirosis occurred in the Three Gorges dam area. There was no significant difference between mouse density before and after the storage of water in the reservoir. However, the major species of rats had a change. The natural infection level of people living in the dam area was low, but there existed potential of leoptopirosis outbreak.

Animals ; China ; Humans ; Leptospira ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Surveillance ; Rats ; microbiology ; Rivers ; Water Supply

OBJECTIVETo identify and type three leptospires isolated from Rattus tanezumi in Guizhou Province by using three molecular techniques (PFGE, MLVA, and MLST), reveal the molecular characteristic of causative agents of local leptospirosis and evaluate these three molecular methods based on their detection resolution and efficiency.

METHODSThree Leptospira strains were isolated from the kidney of Rattus tanezumi and cultured with EMJH medium. PFGE, MLVA, and MLST assays were applied to type the three strains isolated from Rattus tanezumi in Guizhou Province.

RESULTSPFGE, MLVA, and MLST typing showed that the three leptospiral isolates matched with leptospiral serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai. The findings of the genotyping methods were consistent. MLVA and MLST defined genotypes, whereas PFGE allowed the recognition of additional subgroups within the genotypes, and the findings of molecular typing were also consistent with those of traditional techniques.

CONCLUSIONThree leptospiral isolates from Guizhou Province matched with leptospiral serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai, and PFGE, MLVA, and MLST, as reliable molecular techniques for identifying and typing of Leptospira interrogans, would contribute to the active surveillance, outbreak investigation and source tracking for leptospirosis in Guizhou Province.

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; classification ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Genotype ; Leptospira interrogans ; classification ; genetics ; Leptospirosis ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; veterinary ; Phylogeny ; Rats