Objective To identify the trend of endemic situation among surveillance sites in Jiagsu Province from 2000 to 2002. Methods Twelve schistosomiasis surveillance sites were es-tablished ,and the longitudinal, surveillance was carried out. Results The related index of snail increased in most of surveillance sites, the rates of positive snails rose rapidly in marshlands. The infection rates of Schitosoma janponicum of cattle decreased and infection rates of human were relatively steady. However, there was still the danger of heavy endemic. Conclusion Current control strategies can not effectively adapt to the endemic situation of schistosomiasis, although which have some effects on control of morbidity. We need to study the new characteristics and rule of the endemic of schistosomiasis, and make out more effective control strategies which can suit with the current society, economies and nature environment.

Objective To evaluate the eff ec t of snail control with niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder (DP) in th e marshland of the Yangtze River ahead of the schedule in spring, and to underst and the impact of the low temperature to molluscicidal effect of the dusting. Methods The snail control test with niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder was carried out under different te mperatures in laboratory. Then the snail control was undertaken in the marshland of the Yangtze River ahead of the schedule in spring, and the molluscicidal ef fect was observed and the temperature changes were also considered. Results When the temperature was 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ respectively, there was no significant difference on the molluscicidal effec t of niclosamide ethanolamine salt DP in laboratory. The average atmosphere temp erature in each day was 8.9-16.3 ℃ from the last ten-day of March to the fir st ten-day of April in Nanjing regions. The corrected mortality of snails and the r educed rates of density of snails were 95.38% and 99.97% respectively on the s ur face of the soil in the marshland field. The corrected mortality and the reduced rates of density of snails were 79.30% and 70.59% respectively in the surface l ayer of the soil. Conclusion The impact of air t emperature is little to the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine sal t DP when the average atmosphere temperature in each day was 10-15 ℃ in the ma r shland of the Yangtze River. If the snail control is undertaken ahead of the sch edule in spring, the reproduction of snails will be suppressed and the infection of Schistosma japonicum will be controlled. [

Objective To determine the de ve lopmental zero and effective accumulated temperature of Oncomela nia eggs under con stant temperature. Methods The eggs were cultur ed under different constant temperature, and their development duration and effe ctive accumulated temperature were studied. The zero accumulated temperature (℃ ) was obtained by using an estimation mode, and the effective accumulated temp erature was obtained by effective accumulated mode of K=N(T-C). [WT5”H Z] Results The average development duration was (27.29?17 .2 9) d under 15-30 ℃, the development zero temperature was 11.79 ℃ and 38.22 ℃ u nder low and high temperature respectively, and the average development temperat ure and effective accumulated temperature were (557.76?198.95) DD and(236 .02 ?68.20) DD.Conclusion The suitable developme nt temperature of eggs is 27 ℃, the development speed and effective accumulated t e mperature of eggs increases with the temperature under given condition, but too high temperature may have negative impact on the development of eggs. The resul t can be considered as the basic biological parameter of the snail.

Objective To study the clinicopathological significance of the expression of glutameta decarboxylase 65(GDA65) and protein kinase C(PKC) in the central cancer tissues, cancer edge tissues, paracancerous liver tissue and non-cancer liver tissues. Methods The expression of GDA65 and PKC were detected by immunohistochemical method in 10% neutral formalin- fixed and routinely paraffin-embedded sections in 37 hepatic cancer specimen. Results The positive rate and the score of GDA65 and PKC in the cancer tissues were significantly higher than that in the paracancer tissues or non-cancer liver tissues, but the PKC expression was no difference between the central cancer tissues and the cancer edge tissues . The expression of GDA 65 was related to the pathological types, differentiated degrees, liver cirrhosis or metastasis of hepatocarcinomas. No correlation was found between the expression of PKC and the clinicopathological features of hepatocarcinomas. Conclusions The expression of GDA65 and PKC might be closely related to the carcinogenesis of hepatocarcinoma, they might be important biological markers of hepatocarcinoma.

Objective To understand the distribution,variance and dynamics of Oncomelania snails in the water system of the Bianmin River after the river bank being protected with concrete.Methods The snails in the water system of the Bianmin River were investigated with the systemic sampling method and environmental spot-checking method in spring from 2002 to 2005.The indexes including area with snails,area with infected snails,rate of frames with snails,density of living snails and infection rate of snails in different environments were collected,analyzed and compared year by year.Results From 2002 to 2005,in the main river of the water system of the Bianmin River,irrigation areas and the adjacent marshlands of the Yangtze River,the areas with snails were 20.94-31.88,39.30-48.08 hm2 and 275.13-292.31 hm2,respectively;the rates of frames with snails were 9.96%-21.88%,29.61%-58.54% and 62.14%-85.97%,respectively;the mean densities of snails were 0.97-1.86,0.92-3.96 snails/0.1 m2 and 7.72-11.15 snails/0.1 m2.In 2005,in the main river,irrigation areas and the adjacent marshlands,the rates of frames with snails were 21.88%,39.33% and 83.81%,respectively;the densities of living snails were 1.30,3.96 snails/0.1 m2 and 11.15 snails/0.1 m2.During the last four years,the rates of frames with snails increased quickly in the main river of the water system of the Bianmin River;the densities of snails increased by 4 times in the irrigation areas;the indexes mentioned above were stable in the adjacent marshlands of the Yangtze River.However,the rate of frames with snails in the marshlands was 2-3 times higher than that in the irrigation areas and the mean density of snails in the marshlands was 3-8 times higher than that in the irrigation areas.Conclusions The main factor causing the increase of snails is that the river beach has not been cleaned yet in the water system of the Bianmin River,and so the key of schistosomiasis control is that first,the river beach should be cleaned completely,and at the same time,strengthening the snail control in the irrigation areas and the snail surveillance and snail control with molluscicides in the outfalls of the rivers of the water system of the Bianmin River to the Yangtze River.

Objective To evaluate the mid-term effectiveness of the medium-and-long-term programme of the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province. Methods The programme was carried out in Jiangsu Province and the comprehensive measures relied mainly on snail control, detection and chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock. The mid-term effectiveness of the programme was observed and evaluated longitudinally. Results The coverage rate of snail control areas and the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock rose year after year. The snail areas, the infected snail areas and the infection rate of schistosome for residents and livestock reduced year after year. There were negative correlations between the coverage rates of snail control and the infected snail areas, the number of settings with infected snails, the infection rate of schistosome for residents, the infection rate of schistosome for livestock and the morbidity of acute schistosomiasis, respectively (rInfected snail areas=-0.897,P=0.039;rNo. of settings with infected snail=-0.937,P=0.019;rInfection rate for residents=-0.913,P=0.031;rInfection rate for livestock=-0.991,P=0.001;rMorbidity of acute schistosomiasis=-0.894,P=0.041). There were negative correlations between the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and the infected snail areas, and between the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for livestock and the infected snail areas (rRatio of chemotherapy for residents =-0.965,P=0.008;rRatio of chemotherapy for livestock=-0.921,P=0.027). There were negative correlations between the funds of schistosomiasis control and the infection rate of schistosome for residents livestock, respectively (rInfection rate for residents=-0.897,P=0.039;rInfection rate for livestock=-0.971,P=0.006). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that there were the linearity relationships between the infection rate of schistosome for residents and the coverage rates of snail control, and between the infection rate of schistosome for livestock and the coverage rates of snail control, and between the morbidity of acute schistosomiasis and the coverage rates of snail control. Conclusions The effect of the comprehensive strategy of schistosomiasis control which relies mainly on snail control, detection and chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock are remarkable. The snail control and chemotherapy are effective and immediate. The increased funds would be essential guarantee for control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

Objective To observe hibernation phenomena of Oncomelanai hupensis and explore the way of inducing the hibernation in laboratory. \ Methods\ Snails, O\^hupensis hupensis, were collected from marshland of Jiangsu. The snail hibernation was induced by the way of cultivation at a mimic natural environment in the laboratory with gradually changing temperature. The amount of oxygen consumed by snails was tested by iodine titration, and their hibernation was tested by pin puncture followed by warm water. \ Results \ There was no significant difference on the rate of snail \{hibernation\} when the temperature was reduced by 1 ℃ per 24 hrs and by 1 ℃ per 48 hrs. The hibernation rate \{increased\} with the decreasing temperature. There was a significant regression relationship between hibernation rate and temperature with R\+2=0\^967 (F=207\^72, P

Objective To study the impact of environmental temperature on the development of Schistosoma japonicum larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Oncomelania snails, collected from the field and free of S. japonicum infection, were exposed to miracidiae of S. japonicum in a ratio of 1∶20 and raised at 30 ℃, 27 ℃, 24 ℃, 21 ℃ and 18 ℃, respectively. The prepatent period of larvae within the Oncomelania hupensis and the developmental velocity were determined, of which the relationship with the temperature was analysed. Results The average prepatent period of cercariae in snail was (128.89?16.05) d,(95.00?21.03) d,(71.93?12.74) d and (62.74?14.19) d at 21 ℃, 24 ℃, 27 ℃, 30 ℃, respectively. The regression formulation between prepatent period and temperature was y =730.68x -0.8918 (r=0.9976, P

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the current measure of Oncomelania hupensis control in Jiangsu Province. Methods The snail control was carried out with molluscicides in the high transmission areas every year. Some snail habitat areas were modified. The snail areas within three years were re-treated with molluscicides in the maintenance phase. The snail survey was carried out every spring, and the data were analysed with SAS software. Results From 1995 to 2001, 14519.17 hm 2 of snail habitats were molluscicided, 2768.57 hm 2 were modified, and 8803.64 hm 2 were re-treated with molluscicides in the maintenance phase. The coverage rates of snail control areas dropped by 19.14% every year. The snail areas increased by 6.25% every year from 1995 to 2002. In which, the areas of infected snails increased by 18.52% every year. The correlation analysis showed that the areas of infected snails increased with the increasing of the total snail areas. At the same time, the areas of infected snails increased with the fall of the coverage rates of snail control areas. The analysis of the snail distribution showed that the main problem was poor snail control. Conclusion In recent years, the rise of area of snail habitats is serious in Jiangsu Province. The present measures of the snail control have not effectively stopped the spreading and increasing of snails. The research on the new molluscicides, the new methods of snail control and the better policies are very important.

Objective To explore the aestivation and lethal hyperthermy temperature of Oncomelania hupensis in summer,which is one of important ecology indexes,in order to understand the potential impact of global warming on the distribution of Oncomelania snail in mainland China. Methods Oncomelania hupensis hupensis snails were collected from the marshland region in Jiangsu Province and the aestivation and lethal hyperthermy temperature were examined by increasing temperature gradually in laboratory. Results The lethal hyperthermy temperatures of 50% Oncomelamia snails in dry and wet environment was 40.01℃ ( 95% of confidence interval from 39.76-40.27℃) and 42.13℃( 95% of confidence interval from 41.59-42.68℃), respectively. The logistic regression equations between temperature and mortality were d=101/(1+e 61.402269-1.535058X) (F=69.997,P