Objective: This study aimed to compare the cost of hospitalization for open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (OC and LC) among adult patients with cholelithiasis in the Philippine General Hospital. Methodology: The billing records of all patients admitted for elective cholecystectomy from February to July 2017, were reviewed. An item by item costing for room and board, laboratories, radiologic exams, surgical and anesthesia needs for each patient meeting the inclusion criteria was done. Results: From February to July 2017, a total of 391 cholecystectomies were performed; 156 cases (78 OC and 78 LC) were included in the analysis. There is no significant difference between the mean total cost for the laparoscopic group which was 20,549 +/- 4,972 pesos and 18,465 +/- 7,908 pesos (p < 0.05) for the open group. Conclusion Total cost of LC is comparable to OC. However, when the total expenses were divided into categories, the OC group incurred significantly bigger charges than the LC group in room and board, laboratories, radiology, pharmacy, and surgery needs. On the other hand, the LC group had significantly higher mean charges for the surgery needs inclusive of the laparoscopic machine and disposable instruments.
Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Laparoscopy

OBJECTIVES<p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT) are the most common extragonadal tumors of early childhood. Their clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with sacrococcygeal tumors who underwent excision in the Philippines has never been described, while numerous retrospective studies have been conducted in other countries.p>METHODS<p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">This was a retrospective, descriptive study over a four-year period (December 2014 to November 2018). The study described the patients’ demographic data, manner of delivery, clinical presentation, prenatal diagnosis of tumor, Altman classification, and alpha fetoprotein levels. These information were obtained from the medical records of the patients. Additional data from the operative technique include the surgical approach, size of the mass, and gross involvement of adjacent structures and the final histopathologic results. Outcomes include the 30-day mortality and morbidity, and tumor recurrence.p>RESULTS<p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">A total of 29 patients were included in the study with 22 females (75.86%) and seven males (24.14%). Twentyfive out of the 29 (86.21%) had a sacral or gluteal mass at birth while other presenting factors include a palpable abdominal mass (1), constipation (1), difficulty in urination (1), and an elevated AFP in one postoperative patient. Even if 27 out of the 29 patients underwent a maternal ultrasound, only three patients (10.34%) had a correct ultrasound interpretation of sacrococcygeal teratoma. Age at presentation was problematic, with 12 presenting at greater than one year of age while 10 were brought for consultation at greater than one month old. Only seven presented at the neonatal period. CT scan was the most common imaging tool utilized (37.93%), followed by ultrasound (27.59%). AFP was elevated in ten patients (34.48%). Six of the patients with elevated AFP had mature teratoma, two had yolk sac tumor, one had fibroepithelial polyp, and one was post chemotherapy but had mature teratoma based on the final histopathology report. Fifteen out of the 29 patients had Altman type I tumors (51.72%), seven (24.14%) had type II tumors, six (20.69%) had type III tumors, and only one patient had type IV tumor. Sacral approach in the excision of the sacrococcygeal tumor was performed in 25 patients (86.21%). There was no reported perioperative mortality for patients who underwent surgery for SCT during the study period. Twelve out of the 29 had postop morbidities, three with surgical site infection and three with rectal or vaginal perforation. Five patients had tumor recurrence occurring from two months to three years postoperatively.
p>CONCLUSION<p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Early detection of sacrococcygeal teratomas even in the prenatal period is the norm in certain areas of the world, but in our country, prenatal detection is still a challenge. Even if the majority of the patients presented with a gluteal mass at birth, less than a third were brought to our tertiary government hospital in neonatal life. The sacral approach for SCT excision was employed for the great majority of our patients, but due to the advanced age at diagnosis and locally advanced disease, morbidities occurred in about a third of the patients. Therefore, early detection prenatally and early referral to a pediatric surgical center should be achievable goals for physicians dealing with these patients.
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Alpha-fetoproteins ; Philippines