The diaphyseal nutrient foramina were examined in 246 tibia and 212 fibula from complete sets of Chinese adult skeleton collection.The length and diameter of these bones were also measured.The number,position and orientation of the nutrient foramina were more variable in fibula than in tibia. Though the position of the nutrient foramina of the shaft of these bones were vari- able,however there was a restricted area in which most of the foramina were located. The nutrient foramina of the tibia usually situated on the posterior surface near the junction between the upper and middle thirds of its length,and that of the fibula was on the posterior or medial surface within the upper portion of the middle third segment. The nutrient artery to tibia and fibula were dissected and observed in 100 cases. The nutrient artery to tibia may have various sources of origin,it may arise from the posterior tibial,anterior tibial,and fibular arteries or directly from the popliteal artery. It has a larger calibre and runs over a longer course.The nutrient artery to fibula is relatively small and short,and all originate from the fibular artery. Certain practical applications of the arteries are briefly discussed.

Some anatomical aspects in application for the vein catheterization on the subclavian and other veins of the neck have been studied on 85 cadavers in Chinese adults.The subclavian vein measures 1.16cm in diameter and 3.76 cm in length. It lies 2 cm deep under the skin and muscles in the infraclavicular region. The angle between the vein and the clavicle is 38?. It usually lies behind the medial third of the clavicle and is separated from the subclavian artery, brachial plexus and the cupula of the pleura by the anterior scalenus muscle. This muscle is 1.19 cm in width and 0.37 cm in thickness, much thinner than the thickness mentioned in the previous literature. The distance from the origin of the subclavian vein to the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium is 13.85 cm on the right, and 16.36 cm on the left.The diameter of the internal jugular vein and its topographical relationship to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle were also observed. The internal jugular vein is 1.26 cm in diameter, and lies under the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in 58.75%, between the two heads of this muscle in 41.25%.The external jugular vein measures 0.63cm in diameter, but its location and termination are more variable.The application of these data in vein catheterization was also discussed in this article.

The diaphyseal nutrient foramina of 123 pairs of radius and 112 pairs of ulna from local Chinese adult skeleton collection have been observed. Their length, diameter and circumference were measured.The nutrient foramina on the shaft of radius, in longitudinal direction, located near the junction of the upper and middle thirds, and those of ulna located a little lower.In horizontal direction, the nutrient foramina chiefly concentrated on the anterior surface. But there were more foramina situated on the interosseous crest or posterior surface on radius than that on ulna.100 cases of nutrient artery to radius and ulna have been dissected on preserved cadavers. The length, diameter and distance from the origin of the artery to the level of elbow joint have been measured. The nutrient arteries to radius and ulna may have. various origins. They mostly arise from anterior interosseous, common interosseous, ulnar, ulnar recurrent and rarely from radial, median or dorsal interosseous arteries.The course and distribution of the nutrient arteries in the bone marrow cavity were examined on X-ray films prepared from injected radio-opaque specimens.

The veins on the dorsum of the foot have been dissected and observed on 200cases of the Chinese adult lower extremities.The great saphenous vein is the chief draining vessel of the hallux,the toes andthe skin of the dorsum of the foot.The position and the tributaries of this vessel areconstant.Its diameter ranges from 1.9 to 5.0mm,with an average of 3.2mm.The dorsal venous arch is usually single(93%),double arches are seen in 6%,and absent in 1%.According to the form of reflux,the dorsal venous arch may begrouped into five types.In the most common type,the arch is continuous withthe great saphenous vein and the anterior malleolar branch of the small saphenousvein(49.5%).The dorsal metatarsal veins usually drain directly into the dorsal venous arch.Some of the neighboring dorsal metatarsal veins may drain through a commontrunk.The perforating veins on the dorsum of the foot may be divided into threedifferent groups:the anterior malleolar,marginal and intermetatarsal group.Thelatter usually drains into the dorsal venous arch at the base of the first intermeta-tarsal space.The valves of the superficial veins on the dorsum of the foot were also observed.There is no valve in the lateral part of the dorsal venous arch,but there may beone or two valves in its most medial part(66.7%).It appears that the venousblood from the first metatarsal vein usually drains into the great saphenous vein.

After removal of unilateral molars in the rats,the changes in the articularcartilage and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint and HRP uptake of thelining cells of synovial membrane were observed with light,transmission and scanningmicroscopy.The HRP uptake activity of the lining cells was lowered and degenerative chan-ges were presented in ths articular cartilages following the removal of the molars.It is suggested that the temporomandibular joint is intimately integrated with theocclusion of the upper and lower teeth.Defect of the teeth on one side mayinduce occlusion disorders.These will certainly cause some changes of the structureand function of the temporomandibular joint.

The structure of the articular cartilage and disc of the temporomandibular jointin rats and monkey were studied with light,transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy.The articular cartilage covering the mandibular condyle is semilunar in shapeon cross section.Its thickest portion lies posterosuperiorly.The bony trabeculaesubjacent to the cartilage arrange vertically to the articular surface and concentrateto the thickest portion of the articular cartilage.The articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa is similar to that on themandibular condyle,but contains fewer cartilage cells.Lacking a calcified areawith enlarged cartilage cells,the articular cartilage here may only be divided intothree areas.The articular disc consists of three areas:an upper,a middle,and a lowerone.The structure and ultrastructure of different parts of these cartilages with theirfunctions have been discussed.