Retinal anatomic structure and physiology function are very complex.Electroretinogram (ERG) is currently the only objective assessment for retinal function.There are groups of devastating diseases characterized by affecting the inner retinal functions.However,compared with its advantages in evaluating the outer retina function,ERG is less sensitive in judging the inner retinal function.The decrease of sensitivity is mainly associated with the crosstalk between the rod and cone systems in the longer visual signal pathways.In the past twenty years,new recording techniques in ERG analysis including oscillatory potentials,ON-OFF responses,photopic negative responses and scotopic threshold response have been developed.These ERG components are generated from the bipolar cells,amacrine cells or retinal ganglion cells and are becoming novel tools to assess the function of the inner retina.Ophthalmologists should fully understand the clinical significance of these ERG components in assessing inner retinal function to better guide the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.

Dizziness ; classification ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Vertigo ; classification ; epidemiology

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of salivary gland scintigraphy for primary Sj?gren’s syndrome (pSS). Methods:This study took 50 pSS patients and 50 healthy women as the control group. All of them were performed salivary gland scintigraphy. We observed the imaging of salivary gland scintigraphy for two groups, and evaluated their salivary gland function. Results: In 50 patients with pSS, eight patients (16.0%) of bilateral parotid and submandibular glands were functioned well. While the function of bilateral parotid function and/or bilateral submandibular gland were observed reduction in other patients with pSS. The uptaking function decreased obviously in the typical patients with pSS, who are with bilateral parotid and submandibular glands. The uptake of 99TcmO4-was decreased in salivary glands, and the uptake of the oral cavity was lessened. After taken vitamin C tablets, there was no obvious concentration of 99TcmO4-. The time-radioactive type curve has continued to rise. The UR, S/T, SR and V of pSS patients were significantly lower than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Salivary gland scintigraphy is a non-invasive diagnosis with high-value for primary Sj?gren’s syndrome patients.

Arytenoid Cartilage ; pathology ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; diagnosis ; Neoplasm Staging

The indigenous populations of high altitude, physiologically with lower concentration of hemoglobin and higher level of nitric oxide, can be well-adapted to hypoxia and cold environment. Recent studies have revealed that these adaptive highland population possessed genetic bases, which involved a number of genes, such as EPAS1, EGLN1, CBARA1, VAV3, PPARA, and eNOS, associating with hypoxia-inducible pathway, production of red blood cells and vasodilator substances, etc. These findings provided new insights and strategies from genetics to uncover the unique natural environment selection, to understand the mechanisms of plateau diseases, finally to better prevent and treat them.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare long-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with remnant preservation versus remnant resection.MethodsFrom October 1999 to May 2005,standard ACL reconstruction with autogenous quadrupled hamstring tendons under arthroscopy using remnant resection with transtibial techniques was conducted in 87 patients.From June 2005 to May 2010,ACL reconstruction with autogenous quadrupled hamstring tendons using outside-in bone tunnel establishment and remnant preservation was performed in 221 patients.Only the patients who underwent simple ACL reconstruction together with more than three years follow-up records were enrolled in the study,including 66 patients in remnant preservation group and 39in remnant resection group.ResultsPatients of both groups were all followed up for 36-60 months,which showed insignificant difference between groups ( P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the preoperative data,the latest follow up data demonstrated satisfactory outcomes in both groups.The two groups showed no significant differences regarding the preoperative data including age and gender distribution,average time from injury to surgery,joint instability extent and functional score of the affected knee ( P ＞ 0.05 ).There was no statistical difference in regards of the thigh muscle atrophy and Lachman test between groups ( P ＞0.05).However,the remnant preservation group was superior to the remnant resection group in aspects of the range of motion of the affected knee,Lysholm score,stability in anterior drawer test,stability in pivot shift test and international knee documentation committee (IKDC) grade ( all P ＜ 0.05 ). ConclusionCompared with standard ACL reconstruction using remnant resection with transtibial techniques,the ACL reconstruction using outside-in bone tunnel establishment and remnant preservation has better longterm clinical outcomes including stability and function of the affected knee.

Objective To observe the postoperative analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean section. Methods Forty patients having underwent cesarean section under intraspinal anesthesia were selected, and they were divided into experiment group and control group by random digits table method with 20 cases each. All the patients were given ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks when surgery finished. The patients in experiment group were injected 0.25%ropivacaine 20 ml, and the patients in control group were injected 0.9% sodium chloride 20 ml. All the patients received patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump after surgery. The movement and resting visual analog score (VAS), incision VAS at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after surgery, and the compression time of analgesis pump were compared between 2 groups. The correlated adverse reaction of transversus abdominis plane block were recorded. Results The movement VAS at 4 and 8 h after surgery in experiment group were (4.1±1.7) and (5.3±1.8)scores, and in control group were (6.3±2.0) and (7.0±1.2) scores, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). The incision VAS at 4 and 8 h after surgery in experiment group were (0.9±0.4) and (1.2±0.8) scores, and in control group were (3.6±2.1) and (6.8±2.4) scores, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). The compression time of analgesis pump in experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group: (2.8± 1.4) times vs. (4.0±1.9) times, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). The using dose of tramadol in experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group:(214±12) mg vs. (224±15) mg, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). All the patients did not appear the correlated adverse reaction of transversus abdominis plane block. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block is accurate and easy. It provides effectual post-cesarean section analgesia with lower adverse reaction, which is a better choice of multimodal analgesia for cesarean section.

It is discussed in this paper the origins and pathogenesis of treating senile disease from spleen in TCM,and the relationship between various methods of invigorating the spleen and senile deficiency syndromes.It has been proposed that the therapy principles of invigorating qi and spleen,stimulating the appetite to awake the splee,primering blood to go back to the spleen,dehumidification to activate spleen-energy,warming the kidney and spleen,dispersing the depressed liver-energy to belifit the spleen,going on dieting to belifit the spleen and clearing away heart-fire to support spleen etc.are used to prevent and cure senile diseases.It also listed the corresponding treatment prescriptions for the elderly patients.It provides a theoretical basis for treatment of senile diseases from the governance of spleen.And it provided a realistic basis and the implementation of the method for the prevention and treatment of elderly patient's deficiency aging.

Objective To investigate the effects of transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) on axonal myelination after spinal cord injury in a rat model. Methods A rat model of spinal cord injury at the tenth thoracic vertebral level (T10) was produced by Allen weight-drop impact method. OPCs implantation was performed at the subacute stage of spinal cord injury. Effects of OPCs transplantation on axonal myelination after spinal cord injury were evaluated by HE staining, immunohistochemistry, myelin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Results The implanted cells were still observed in lesioned segments of spinal cord eight weeks after transplantation. The results of HE staining clearly showed better structure of spinal cord in OPCs-transplanted group than that of control group.Myelin staining also demonstrated that the amount of myelin in white matter of lesioned cord in the OPCs-transplanted group (7 802.42 ± 1085.58) was higher than that of the control group (5 055.98 ± 916.74)(P ＜0.01 ). Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) was significantly increased in the OPCs-trans-planted group (8 544.44 ±812.78) as compared with that of the control group (5 243.83 ±808.27)(P＜0.01). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the improvement of micro-structure of myelination in OPCs-treated rats. Conclusion OPCs transplantation can improve axonal myelination in rat with spinal cord injury.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of intravenous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)transplantation against chronic ethanol-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats.Methods BMSCs from rats were isolated,cultured and identified in vitro.Male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=28)were randomly divided into control group(n=7),chronic ethanol group(n=7),BMSCs group(n=7)and PBS group(n=7).BMSCs(1×10~7 cells/animal)or PBS were intravenously injected to the rats of BMSCs or PBS group at the 7th week after ethanol gavage,respectively.All rats were sacrificed at the end of the 8th week.The learning and memory behavior was assessed using Moms water maze task.Immunofluorescence was used to examine cell proliferation maker(BrdU)in hippocampal dentate gyrus.Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate NGF and BDNF expression in hippocampal region.Results In Morris water maze,escape latency at each time point in BMSCs group((33.83±3.26)s,(13.14±2.64)s,(6.53±0.98)s,(4.45±0.85)s)were significantly shorter than those in chronic ethanol group((53.78±4.29)s,(36.53±2.39)s,(18.28±2.13)s,(8.67±0.46)s,all P<0.01))and time percentage of platform quadrant in BMSCs group((73.99±1.49)%) was dramatically longer than that in chronic ethanol group((51.25±3.69)%),but no significant difference with contro1.The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus was significantly higher in BMSCs group than that in chronic ethanol group(P<0.01).Comparing to chronic ethanol gavage,BMSCs transplantation significantly increased the expression of NGF alld BDNF (P<0.01)in hippocampus.Conclusion Intravenous BMSCs transplantation is able to result in enormous attennation of the learning and memory abnormalities in chonic alcoholism rats,and which might be involved to promote hippocampal endogenous cellular proliferation by secretary neurotrophic factors.