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Objective To analyze the distribution of common pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance ,in children with bron‐chial pneumonia ,and provide reference for making antimicrobial treatment strategies .Methods 857 hospitalized pediatric patients with bronchopneumonia from January to December 2014 were enrolled in the study ,bacterial culture and drug susceptibility test were performed ,and the results were analyzed .Results In the 857 pdiatric patients ,the positive rate was 36 .87% (316/857) .A‐mong them ,175 cases were gram positive bacteria(20 .42% ) ,141 cases were gram negative bacteria(16 .45% ) ,140 cases were Streptococcus pneumoniae(16 .34% ) ,70 cases were Haemophilus influenzae(8 .17% ) .The susceptibility of Streptococcus pneu‐moniae to penicillin with enzyme inhibitors ,levofloxacin and vancomycin was the highest(higher than 90 .00% ) ,followed by the third generation cephalosporin(non meningitis) ,to which the sensitivity rate were above 80 .00% .The susceptibility of Haemophi‐lus influenzae to the third generation cephalosporins ,ampicillin/Sulbactam ,levofloxacin and imipenem were the highest(more than 90 .00% ) ,while the resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was 80 .00% .Conclusion Gram positive bacteria are the most im‐portant pathogenic bacteria ,and Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacteria in bronchopneumonia .In clinical treatment , the results of drug sensitivity test should be paid attention to ,so as to adjust the treatment plan and achieve the ideal effect .

The adverse reaction monitoring is important in warning the risks of traditional Chinese medicines at an early stage, finding potential quality problems and ensuring the safe clinical medication. In the study, efforts were made to investigate the risk signal mining techniques in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines, particularly the complexity in component, processing, compatibility, preparation and clinical medication, find early risk signals of traditional Chinese medicines and establish a traditional Chinese medicine safety evaluation system based on adverse reaction risk signals, in order to improve the target studies on traditional Chinese medicine safety, effective and timely control risks and solve the existing frequent safety issue in traditional Chinese medicines.
China ; epidemiology ; Drug Evaluation ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

Post-marketing evaluation is a process which evaluate the risks and benefits of drug clinical application comprehensively and systematically, scientific and systematic results of post-marketing evaluation not only can provide data support for clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, but also can be a reliable basis for the supervision department to develop risk control measures. With the increasing demands for treatment and prevention of disease, traditional Chinese medicine has been widely used, and security issues are also exposed. How to find risk signal of traditional Chinese medicine in the early stages, carry out targeted evaluation work and control risk timely have become challenges in the development of traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Drug Evaluation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Traditional Chinese medicine Polygoni Multiflori Radix is dried roots of Polygonaceae Polygortum multiflorum Thunb. Its clinical application records were first discovered in literatures of the Tang dynasty. The origins, efficacy, toxicity, processing and taboos of Polygoni Multiflori Radix have been discussed in many ancient herb literatures. In recent years, with the increase in the public awareness in health, Polygoni Multiflori Radix admits preparations have been more widely applied in the treatment and prevention of diseases. However, there have been more and more reports about Polygoni Multiflori Radix induced liver injury, the safety of Polygoni Multiflori Radix has increasingly attracted attention of the society. In this paper, the authors summarized and analyzed the toxicity and medication risk factors of Polygoni Multiflori Radix recorded in ancient herb literatures, and proposed that more attention shall be given to the effect of the planting and processing methods on the components and toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in safety studies, which provides clues for the further studies.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Polygonum ; adverse effects ; Risk Assessment

Objective To investigate the characteristics of minimal fat renal angiomyolipoma (MFAML)and clear cell renal cell carcinoma(CCRCC)in high resolution multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT)and to improve the diagnosis accuracy for the renal tumors.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 24 MFAML patients(16 females,8 males)with mean age of 43(19-74)years and 24 CCRCC patients(16 females,8 males)with mean age of 44(21-76)years.All patients had undergone MSCT and proved histopathologically after surgery.The characteristics included tumor location,tumor attenuation on unenhanced CT,enhancement characteristics(degree of tumor enhancement in the early corticomedullary phase,homogeneity of enhancement,amount of enhancement,enhancement pattern over time),tumor margin,intratumoral calcification,and perinephric changes.The predictive value of each CT characteristic was determined by using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results The tumor location in the kidney (upper pole:MFAML,6 cases,CCRCC,6 cases;middle:MFAML,7 cases,CCRCC,9 cases;lower pole:MFAML,11 cases,CCRCC,9 cases)and smooth tumor margin(MFAML,n=21;CCRCC,n=19)were not significantly different between MFAML patients and those with CCRCC,P＞0.05.Twenty-one cases of both MFAMLs and CCRCCs had the significant enhancement in the early corticomedullary phase,which were hypovascular tumors,whereas the mean amount of tumor enhancement was greater in CCRCC than in MFAML in both the early corticomedullary and the corticomedullary phases(CCRCC:175 HU,196 HU;MFAML:125 HU,145 HU;P＜0.05.MFAML usually showed homogeneous enhancement(n=15)rather than heterogeneous enhancement(n =9),whereas most CCRCC showed heterogeneous enhancement(n =17)rather than homogeneous enhancement(n =7),P＜0.05).Enhancement pattern was not a significant predictor.Within the 13 MFAML cases,8 cases had sufficient blood supply(6 cases showed obvious wash-in-and-wash-out,2 cases were with prolonged enhancement),5 cases with hypovascular showed a pattern of prolonged or gradual enhancement,while 21 CCRCC cases had sufficient blood supply and 71％ of them showed obvious wash-in-and-wash-out.High tumor attenuation on unenhanced scans(MFAML:17 patients (75％);CCRCC:2 patients(8％),P=0.002,OR=0.010)and threshold enhancement values of 129.5 HU in the corticomedullary phase(MFAML:5 patients(20％);CCRCC:20 patients(83％),P =0.004,OR =0.057)were valuable predictors for differentiating MFAML from CCRCC at multivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusions MSCT is useful in differentiating MFAML from CCRCC,with high tumor attenuation on unenhanced scans and threshold enhancement values of 129.5 HU in the corticomedullary phase being the most valuable CT findings.75％ of MFAMLs with sufficient blood supply also show a pattern of wash-in-and-wash-out,which can easily misdiagnosed as a renal cancer.

Objective:To investigate the correlation and influence factors of three weak assessment scales in the evaluation of debilitating condition of elderly patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods:120 cases with CHD in our hospital were chosen,the clinical material were collected.The Fried weak score,clinical weak score and EFS were assessed.The correlation of three weak assessment scales were analyzed.Results:Fried score,CFS score and EFS score determined 6 cases,8 cases and 14 cases patients with weak respectively,the incidence rate were 5.0％,6.7％ and 11.7％,which had no significant difference(P＞0.05).The linear correlation analysis indicated the Fried score,CFS score and EFS score had positive correlation(P＜0.05),which had consistency with CHD patients.The CFS score and EFS score had no significant correlation (P＞0.05).Cox regression analysis showed that the cultural level and grade of cardiac function,living conditions and sleep disorders were influencing factors of Fried scores(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Three weak assessment had consistence and different clinical value for the evaluation of weakness in CHD patients,the cultural level and grade of cardiac function,living conditions and sleep disorders were influencing factors of weakness in CHD patients.

Objective: To research the best processing method for ginger pinellia by orthogonal tests.Methods: The orthogonal tests included the soaking time, boiling water and cooking time as the influencing factors, an HPLC method was used for the determination of 4 nucleosides (uridine, guanosine, adenosine, inosine), and the alum limit and extract content were also studied.The results were evaluated by multi index comprehensive weighted score to optimize the processing technology of ginger pinellia.Results: The best processing technology of ginger pinellia was as follows: soaked for 60 hours, the proportion of boiling water and pinellia tuber was 15:1, and boiled for about 5 h.Conclusion: The optimum processing technology of ginger pinellia is reasonable, reliable and reproducible, which can be used as the reference for the processing standardization of Chinese crude drugs.

Animals ; Bone and Bones ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Durapatite ; metabolism ; Female ; Osteoporosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Ovariectomy ; adverse effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study the molecular epidemiological characteristics of hantavirus seen during 2000-2003 in Qingdao region of Shandong province.

METHODSSera were collected from 64 patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and viral RNA was extracted from the sera. HTN and SEO universal primers were designed as outer primers and HTN and SEO specific primers as inner primers. G1 gene region of M segment from hantavirus was amplified by using RT-nest-PCR for sequencing. The data of nucleotide sequences were analyzed by DNA star software.

RESULTSSix cases were positive by HTN specific primer of total cases (9%); 25 of 64 cases by SEO specific primer (39%); total positive rate was 48%. In general, SEO type was a prevalent type of hantavirus in Qingdao region. The variation of the nucleotide sequences among SEO viruses (nucleotide sequence divergence ranged from 0.3% approximately 8.9%) was lower than that among HTN type (nucleotide sequence divergence ranged from 2.6% approximately 11.2% ).

CONCLUSIONMajority of hantavirus found in Qingdao region belonged to SEO type and still a few strains belonged to HTN type. Most of the HTN viruses were detected in Jiaonan county.

China ; Genotype ; Hantavirus ; genetics ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; blood ; virology ; Humans ; RNA, Viral ; blood ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics