From 1980 to 2003 at Binh Dan Hospital had performed 120 Whipple procedures that 37 were classical and 83 modified. As mean age, there was 43 and 45. About pathologies, there were 23 cases of pancreatic head, 55 cases of billiary duct, 5 cases of duodenum and 1 advanced case of gall bladder. In comparison of the classical Whipple group and the modified one, the mean operating time was 4 hrs 10 mns and 2 hrs 40 mns, the mean blood loss was 1000ml and 300ml, the early complications and hospital death were 19% - 5.4% and 12.25% - 4.8%, the hospital stays in post operation were 17 and 13, the late complications and the survival rate were 14.2% - 1.26% and 33% - 32%
Therapeutics ; epidemiology ; Gallbladder ; surgery ; duodenum

Objective: Understanding complex epigenetic mechanisms is necessary to fully elucidate the effects of antipsychotic drug. This study investigated DNA methylation and mRNA expression levels of dopamine D2 and D1 receptor (Drd2 and Drd1, respectively), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (Nr3c1) and stathmin 1 (Stmn1) in brain regions of mice exposed to social defeat stress (SDS) and effects of risperidone on altered methylation and mRNA expression levels induced by SDS. Methods: Following SDS for 10 days, risperidone (0.2 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered to adult mice for 7 days. Brain tissues from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP) and amygdala (AMY) were processed to measure methylation and mRNA levels of Drd2, Drd1, Nr3c1 and Stmn1 using pyrosequencing and real time-polymerase chain reaction. Results: We found altered methylation status of Nr3c1 and Stmn1 in the HIP and AMY of mice exposed to SDS. These changes were reversed by risperidone treatment. In addition, different methylation patterns of Drd2 and Drd1 in the PFC and AMY between defeated and control mice were identified with risperidone treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest that risperidone can cause epigenetic changes in Drd2, Drd1, Nr3c1 and Stmn1 in defeated mice. These changes could be epigenetic mechanisms underlying antipsychotic efficacy.