In 2003, 2 small swidden field malaria outbreaks were identified in Tuong Duong district of Nghe An province. Although different development of the first time, malaria outbreaks developed in swiddenfield, then transmissed into villages. A lots of patients have confirmed to have malaria. One death case was caused by the late hospital admission. The number of working and overnight people on the swiddenfields increased at the hot spot time as this was the harvesting time and the school children had summer holiday and joined their parents’ work here (29.1 – 48.9% of household and 27.2-28.4% of population in the hamlets). They did not use mosquito nets. The infection rate of malaria among the swiddenfield people was 13.5 – 60.5% and 7.4 – 42.2%, respectively. The mass blood screen showed the presence of both P.falciparum and P.vivax (P.falciparum in Ang village and both P.falciparum and P.vivax in Phong village). A high malaria infected rate in 2 outbreaks showed a limited diagnosis and treatment’s quality of local health. Cold parasites were found to be high, with P.falciparum and combined form
Malaria ; epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum

The study was conducted from September 2003 to April 2005 to assess results of the mass deworming campaign in 5 primary schools in Quynh Luu district, central province of Nghe An. A pre-intervention survey showed a cumulative worm prevalence of 98%, of which the highest rate was Trichuris infection: 85.1% followed by Ascaris: 83.6% and hookworm 30.3%. No difference of infection between females and males was found. Mixed infection was high with 54.3% had co-infection with Ascaris and Trichuris (88%), and 24.8% had triple infection, while a low single infection rate (20.8%) of which Trichuris was predominant, was found. A low prevalence of high intensity of infections was found with Ascaris (6.5%), hookworm (1 %), Trichuris (0.5%) while a high prevalence of low intensity was found with all examined samples. The worm prevalence was found reduced after periodical mass deworming (every six months) with mebendazole 500mg, single dose. The cumulative infection reduced from 98% to 84.5% after six months and 72.2% after 18 months. Similarly, the Ascaris infection came down from 83.6% to 52.7% and 32.7%, the Trichuris from 85.1% to 70.6% and 56.1%. However, hookwonn infection remained nearly unchanged (30.3% to 31.3% and 31.1 %). The high and moderate intensity of infection was also reduced after intervention. The egg counts were reduced by 60% after 6 months, 73% after 18 months (after the third treatment) with Ascaris. Accordingly, it was reduced by 40% and 70%, respectively with Trichuris. No changes were found with hookwonn. The intestinal wonn infection control project supported by WHO has been a successful project in tenn of both technical and social aspects. The project was performed with good compliance of school children, their parents and teachers. Expertise and qualification of the provincial staffs were also enhanced with regard to public health in general, and intestinal worm infection control, in particular.
Helminths ; Mebendazole ; Therapeutics

An investigation on helminth infection was conducted in the mountainous district (Quy Hop) of Nghe An province in August and September 2002 showed that: the cummulative intestinal helminth infection rate was 68.4%, with the highest rate among the people aged from 6 – 9 years. Ascaris infection rate was 54.2% with the highest rate found among people aged from 10 – 11 years. Hook worm infection rate was 28.6%, most of all were adults. Trichuris was 10.8% with no difference of ages. Single infection rate was 45.5%, mix infection rate was 23.3%, mixed infection between Ascaris and hook worm was the highest 15.7%. There was no big differences of the infection rate in sex. The intensity of intestinal helminth infection was low with average of 1431 epg for Ascaris, 864 epg for hook worm and 112 epg for Trichuris. Community living conditions and their habits were found to influences the intestinal helminth infection
Helminths ; Infection ; Disease ; epidemiology

Currently, imported malaria trend to increased and account for advantage in malaria epidemiology characteristics due to increased population changes in Nghe An province. Malaria drug management also need to changes to suit the fact that previous malaria endemic areas, where has a little malaria patients so that demand on malaria drug reduced. Domestic malaria is strongly reduced. Parasite mechanism also changes according to advantage tendency. Imported malaria appear annually and in every areas so that malaria drug need to available from the villages health station to provincial health station with 1/1 ratio for drugs against P.falciparum and P.vivax
Malaria ; Disease ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; therapeutics ; drugs ;

Study on dental carries situation of 200 pupils at 6 secondary schools in Hai Duong city. Results: The rate of dental carries of 12 years old pupils was high (67%), in the 6th teeth was 63%. 80.5% of pupils had good knowledge of oral hygiene and 74.5% had good practice of oral hygiene. School based oral health program is strongly supported and collaborated by the leaders of schools. It is necessary to develop human resource for school based oral health program, and the teachers should be trained for co-operation and participation this program.
Dental Caries ; Hygiene ; Pupil

Evaluation of effectiveness of house spraying with Ale 10SC/m2 in malaria mosquitoe prevention by testing bioassay and etomological indicators as well as side effects in the community in implemented area from 11/2003-11/2004 at Quyet Chien commune, Tan Lac District, Hoa Binh province shows that using Ale 10SC spraying with 30mm/m2 with 6 months of residual on wooden and brick wall and the mosquitoe death rate is 51.3-52.6%. Ale 10SC spraying decreased the density of An.minimus domestically daytime and seeking blood. Ale 10SC spraying with 30mg/m2 in malaria transmitted mosquitoes does not have side effects on people using it directly and the community
Malaria ; Culicidae ; Pyrethrins

The sub-chronic toxicity of piperaquine phosphate was assessed in rabbits. Piperaquine phosphate (PQP), at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of body weight per day for 28 consecutive days, was administered orally. The influences of PQP on rabbits' laboratory indices were observed during the PQP administration and after the treatment. Rabbits treated with PQP by oral administration were found to have normal action dinning. At the dose of 50mg/kg per day for 28 consecutive days, the body weights of rabbits was increased significantly during study period (p<0.05), but was not changed significantly at the dose of 100 mg/kg per dayx 28 days. PQP, at the dose of 50 mg/kg per day for 28 consecutive days, did not change significantly biochemical indices (SGOT,SGPT, bilirubin and protein) and some hematological indices (leukocytes, leukocyte formula and hemoglobin), but significantly increased erythrocytes and creatinine on days 14 and 28. At the treated dose 100mg/kg per dayx28days, biochemical indices (SGOT, protein) and some hematological indices (erythrocytes, leukocytes and leukocyte formula) did not change significantly during study period, but creatinine, bilirubin and SGPT were significantly changed
Animal Experimentation ; Rabbits

The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of bed-net impregnation with Ale l0SC at a dose 25mg a.i/m2 based on bioassays, entomological indices and to evaluate side effects and the influence of washing of bed-nets in terms of insecticide residual effects. The trials were conducted from November 2003 to November 2004 in Quyet Chien commune, Hoa Binh province's Tan Lac district. Polyester bed-nets impregnated with Ale l0SC at dose of 25mg ai/m2 were found to have 6-month residual effects and to remain effective in malaria vector control after one wash (60 days after treatment). Ale l0SC bed-net impregnation were found to reduce the density of day time indoor resting and human biting anopheline mosquitoes. There are unsignficant side effects among spraymen, dippers and villagers in the treatment areas caused by bed-net impregnation at dose of 25mg ai/m2 were observed.
Malaria ; Pyrethrins

In 2003, the malaria epidemiological stratification and intervention method which based on the geography, landscape, elevation, malaria cases, malaria parasites and malaria vectors, was implemented over the country. This stratification method aims to identify zones with different levels of malaria endemicity and population at risk of each zone. Based on this stratification, a plan for malaria control based on vector control and malaria case management will be made for each zone. The results of the stratification showed that the malaria situation of Vietnam can be divided into five different zones as follows: non-malaria transmission zone including 4,534 communes with the population of 42,620,426 people accounted for 54% of the total population; zone with risk of malaria re-emergence including 2,923 communes with 18,485,308 people, accounted for 23%; zone with low malaria endemic including 1,928 communes with 9,949,205 people, accounted for 12%; zone with moderate malaria endemic including 1,003 communes with 5,540,104 people, accounted for 7%; zone with high malaria endemic including 771 communes with 3,074,115 people accounted for 4%. With the above results, the number of people needs to be protected by malaria control measures should be 37,154,286 or 46% of the total population. However, these measures should be focused on 3 endemic zones with a poulation of 18,563,244 people.
Malaria ; Epidemiology ; Therapeutics

The WHO supported study "Community-Based Strengthen Management of Primary Health" was carried out in three pilot districts of Tuong Duong, Thanh Chuong, Quynh Luu of Nghe An province. The management of malaria case, health education at the primary level was found to have been improved significantly. The malaria prevalence was considerably reduced as compared to that of the previous years. The community health workers appeared to be able to properly collect and analyze malaria related data and report to the authority with recommendations of shortcomings and difficulties; to consolidate and integrate primary health care activities; to tackle and solve effectively shortcomings so that take more political commitment for sustainable malaria control. The project has become a model for wider application at a decision by the Nghe An People Committee.
Malaria ; Therapeutics ; Epidemiology