Violence against medical personnel has been increasing recently, and violence in the doctor's office has become a serious threat to the safety of patients and medical personnel. However, medical personnel are not receiving adequate protection from violence, and the Assault Prevention Act against Medical Personnel has not been passed. Therefore, medical personnel must currently take measures to protect themselves from violence. The main perspective on countermeasures for violence against medical personnel is not that violence itself but that violence can disturb a physician's practice. In case of a violent incident in a doctor's office, medical personnel must take aggressive legal action. In addition medical personnel, the government, law enforcement officials, and citizens should make an effort to build a cooperative system for eliminating violence from the medical field.
Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Medical Staff* ; Violence*

The increase in car usage due to economic prosperity has led to increase in occupant injuries. One way to reduce the injuries encountered by road accident victims is by implementing the rear seatbelt (RSB) law. Rear seatbelt wearing has been proven to save lives. In Malaysia, the implementation of the restraint system for front occupant has started in the 70’s. However, the rear seatbelt enforcement law only came in 2009, after six months of an advocacy program. Prior to the introduction of the rear seatbelt law, rear seatbelt wearing rate was rather low, started to increase gradually during the advocacy period and jumped to the highest level after two month of the enforcement. This paper attempts to assess the effectiveness of the rear seatbelt intervention in reducing injuries among passenger car occupants in Malaysia using the generalized linear model (GLM). In GLM procedure, the dependent variable is the number of people from passenger vehicles that sustained severe and slight injuries, for the study period. The study period selected covers six months before implementation, six months during advocacy program, and six months after the law is implemented. The independent variables considered are enforcement and balik kampung activities (both are dummy variables) and time effect. Our results suggest that RSB intervention (p-value= 0.0001) had significantly reduced the number of people sustained serious and slight injuries by about 20%. The implementation of change in the RSB law has benefited not only in reducing the number of injuries but also result to great impact to the health outcomes.
Seat Belts ; Law Enforcement ; prevention & control ; Malaysia

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is a controversial issue although Korean Government is considering to expand DTC genetic testing. Preventing the exaggeration and abusing of DTC genetic testing is an important task considering the early history of DTC genetic testing in Korea. And the DTC genetic testing performance or method has been rarely reported to the scientific and/or medical community and reliability of DTC genetic testing needs to be assessed. Law enforcement needs to improve these issues. Also principle of transparency needs to be applied.
Genetic Testing ; Korea ; Law Enforcement ; Methods

BACKGROUND: Shift work has been associated with occupational stress in health providers and in those working in some industrial companies. The association is not well established in the law enforcement workforce. Our objective was to examine the association between shift work and police work-related stress. METHODS: The number of stressful events that occurred in the previous month and year was obtained using the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers aged 27-66 years. Work hours were derived from daily payroll records. A dominant shift (day, afternoon, or night) was defined for each participant as the shift with the largest percentage of total time a participant worked (starting time from 4:00 AM to 11:59 AM, from 12 PM to 7:59 PM, and from 8:00 PM to 3:59 AM for day, afternoon, and night shift, respectively) in the previous month or year. Analysis of variance and covariance were used to examine the number of total and subscale (administrative/professional pressure, physical/psychological danger, or organizational support) stressful events across the shift. RESULTS: During the previous month and year, officers working the afternoon and night shifts reported more stressful events than day shift officers for total stress, administrative/professional pressure, and physical/psychological danger (p < 0.05). These differences were independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and police rank. The frequency of these stressful events did not differ significantly between officers working the afternoon and night shifts. CONCLUSION: Non-day shift workers may be exposed to more stressful events in this cohort. Interventions to reduce or manage police stress that are tailored by shift may be considered.
Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Life Change Events ; Police*

It is noteworthy that most unidentified dead are unnatural and violent deaths. The accurate identification of a decedent permits certification of death and notification of next of kin. Only then may they proceed with the probate of wills, apply for disbursement of benefits and insurance, and begin to work through the grieving process. Law enforcement agencies need positive identification to pick up the leads of investigation to develop suspects, establish the corpus delicti of homicide and reconstruct the sequence of events of a crime. Agencies and a variety of consultants are involved in recognizing and developing the unique features of a decedent that lead to identification. Cooperative working relations with newspaper and other media will help in publicizing the need for persons with information to come forward diagrammatically. In this paper, 5 individual identification cases in unexpected or homicidal deaths are described. The comparison between the postmortem and antemortem records show that the victims are correctly identified.
Certification ; Consultants ; Crime ; Homicide ; Humans ; Insurance ; Law Enforcement ; Periodicals

It is noteworthy that most unidentified dead are unnatural and violent deaths. The accurate identification of a decedent permits certification of death and notification of next of kin. Only then may they proceed with the probate of wills, apply for disbursement of benefits and insurance, and begin to work through the grieving process. Law enforcement agencies need positive identification to pick up the leads of investigation to develop suspects, establish the corpus delicti of homicide and reconstruct the sequence of events of a crime. Agencies and a variety of consultants are involved in recognizing and developing the unique features of a decedent that lead to identification. Cooperative working relations with newspaper and other media will help in publicizing the need for persons with information to come forward diagrammatically. In this paper, 5 individual identification cases in unexpected or homicidal deaths are described. The comparison between the postmortem and antemortem records show that the victims are correctly identified.
Certification ; Consultants ; Crime ; Homicide ; Humans ; Insurance ; Law Enforcement ; Periodicals

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are common residents of bone marrow and are defined by their higher self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation. MSC play an important role in supporting haematopoiesis and therefore are implicated in influencing immune responses. In line with this, MSC have been utilized to treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in order to suppress unwanted T cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the immune-suppressive effect of bone marrow derived MSC on T cell proliferation at the cell cycle level. MSC were generated from human bone marrow and confirmed by their immune-phenotyping. Resting or PHA stimulated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were co- cultured in the presence or absence of MSC. T cell proliferation was accessed by trypan-blue exclusion assay at day three. Consequently cell cycle analysis was carried out to determine the mechanism of antiproliferation. MSC failed to elicit proliferation at resting T cell. However, proliferation of PHA-stimulated T cells was dramatically inhibited in the presence of MSC in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Following the inhibitory activity, MSC prevented activated T cells from entering the S phase of cell cycle by arresting them in the G1 phase. Our findings indicate that MSC escape recognition by T cells and inhibit T cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. This immune-suppressive effect is most probably mediated by cell-to-cell contact and/or secreted soluble factors.
T-Lymphocytes ; Cell Cycle ; seconds ; Law enforcement arrest ; Stem Cells

Traditionally, pathologists have used human biological material primarily for diagnostic purposes. More recently, advances in biomedical technology and changes in the research environment have placed new demands on pathologists and their handling of human materials. Moreover, these technological advances have required pathologists to be not only experts in diagnosis, but also managers of biobanks storing human biological material. Consequently, pathologists might now be confronted with unanticipated legal and ethical questions. We investigated seven examples of South Korean legislation concerning human biological material, including "The Bioethics and Safety Act" (2005), and we considered possible conflicts of interest between donors and researchers. We also reviewed international bioethical guidelines and legal precedents from several countries with special regard to pathologic glass slides, paraffin blocks, remaining specimens and other guidelines. We conclude that a better understanding of the legal and ethical questions concerning human biological material leads pathologists to safer and more conscientious management of these samples.
Bioethics ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Biomedical Technology ; Glass ; Handling (Psychology) ; Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Paraffin ; Tissue Donors

The automation in autopsy data recording, particularly in the reporting and encoding system using computers requires well designed databases. This system employed multimedia computer techniques to design a database system with application programs along with the standardized autopsy data management flow. The benefit of the present development was verified by practical application into the autopsies performed in the department of forensic medicine, Kyungpook National University. The standardized medical information of forensic autopsy data provides mutual exchange of information between the institutions and information to law enforcement agencies. Statistics on autopsy data could be used not only for medical education and research, but also as a template for policy determination concerning forensic medicine in Korea. It is necessary to standardize information between the institutions.
Automation ; Autopsy* ; Education, Medical ; Forensic Medicine ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korea ; Law Enforcement ; Multimedia

We reviewed forensic autopsies and scene examinations performed at Central District of National Institute of Scientific Investigation, requested by every kinds of law enforcement agencies in Chung-cheong area of Korea during the year of 2003, and analysed the data of forensic autopsies and scene examinations according to the cause of death and the manner of death. The results are as follows ; 1. Scene investigation on the spot was performed in 220 cases ; Among these cases, 161 cases (73.2%) were unnatural deaths and the most common cause of death was trauma (61 cases). Autopy was per-formed in 93 cases (42.3%). 2. The total number of forensic autopsy were 685 cases (452 males and 233 females). The number of the forties (215 cases) and the thirties (124 cases) occupied almost half (49.5%) of all cases of autopsy. 3. Unnatural deaths were 434 cases (63.3%), natural 204 cases (29.8%), and the unknown 47 cases (6.9%). In 434 cases of unnatural deaths, suicide was 84 cases (19.3%), homicide 115 cases (26.5%), acci-dent 186 cases (42.9%), and the undetermined 49 cases (11.3%). Homicide occupied 43.7% of trauma, 77.1% of blunt force injury excluding traffic and fall down injury, and 97.7% of sharp force injury. The homicide rate in asphyxia was 35.0%. It showed only 1 cases (1.9%) of homicide in poisoning. 4. In 434 cases of unnatural deaths, traumatic deaths were 229 cases (52.8%). Blunt trauma was 70 cases (30.6%) and the leading cause of death in traumatic death. Of remaining 205 cases of unnatural deaths, there were 52 cases (12.0%) of poisonings, 51 cases (11.8%) of thermal injuries, 41 cases (9.4%) of drowning, 40 cases (9.2%) of asphyxia, 19 cases (4.4%) of medical procedures, and 2 cases (0.5%) of electrocution. 5. Among 204 natural deaths, cardiovascular diseases were 106 cases (52.0%) and the leading cause of death in natural deaths. 36 cases (17.6%) of diseases involving vascular system were followed. 6. Child deaths under the age of 10 were 32 cases. Among these cases, unnatural deaths were 14 cases (43.8%) and most of them were accident.
Asphyxia ; Autopsy* ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Drowning ; Homicide ; Humans ; Korea* ; Law Enforcement ; Male ; Poisoning ; Suicide