A total of 46 isolates of Fusarium were isolated from six forest soil samples in Muka Head, Teluk Bahang, Pulau Pinang. Two Fusarium species were identified from the soil samples namely, F. solani (93.5%) and F. oxysporum (6.5%). The present study showed that the diversity and occurrences of Fusarium species in forest soil was low compared to cultivated soils.

A total of 60 isolates of Fusarium were isolated from fruit rot of banana (Musa spp.), papaya (Carica papaya) and guava (Psidium guajava). The most common species recovered from the fruit rot of the three fruit crops were F. semitectum (40 %), F. solani (38.3 %), F. verticillioides (11.7 %) and F. oxysporum (10 %). Fusarium semitectum was isolated from fruit rot of banana, papaya and guava; F. oxysporum from banana and papaya; F. solani from banana and guava and F. verticillioides from banana. From pathogenicity tests, F. solani and F. semitectum were pathogenic to both banana and papaya and F. verticillioides to banana. F. oxysporum was not pathogenic to banana and papaya and F. semitectum was not pathogenic to guava. The results of the present study showed the presence of several Fusarium spp. on fruit rot of banana, papaya and guava and several species are found to be pathogenic causing fruit rot on their hosts.

Aims: Food security and safety are current issues around the world. Rice is a staple food for a large portion of the world’s population, and in Malaysia around 2.2 million tonnes of rice were consumed annually. Fertilizer input is the key to increase rice production. Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) has developed multifunctional biofertilizer products in an effort to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers for crop production. Methodology and results: Multifunctional biofertilizer products contain indigenous microorganisms that have desired characteristics, which include plant growth promoting, phosphate solubilising, potassium solubilising and enhancing N2- fixing activity were used in this study. These products were formulated as liquid inoculants, which is suitable for rice production. A greenhouse trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of multifunctional biofertilizer on rice. Multifunctional biofertilizer products were applied singly and in combination with rock phosphate, feldspar and irradiated oligochitosan from a project by Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA), Japan. Plants that were given chemical fertilizers and plants not receiving fertilizer or biofertilizer products were used as controls. Fresh and dry weights of rice seedlings were determined. Application of multifunctional biofertilizer combined with irradiated oligochitosan (T3) resulted in significantly higher fresh weights (97.12 g) and dry weights (84.16 g) as compared to non-treated plants (77.39 g fresh weights and 69.56 g dry weights). The results suggested that application of multifunctional biofertilizer in combination with irradiated oligochitosan could increase rice growth. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Combination of biofertilizer with oligochitosan increased rice growth in greenhouse trial. Further investigation of this interaction phenomenon should be carried out.
Crop Production ; Oryza

Aims: Dried fruits may harbour a variety of fungi especially those that can grow in low water activity conditions. Knowledge on the occurrence of fungi on dried fruits is an important step to predict the possibility of mycotoxin contamination, thus the present study was conducted to determine the occurrence of fungi on dates, figs, kiwi and raisins. Methodology and results: Based on morphological characteristics, six genera of fungi comprising eight species, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium corylophilum, P. glabrum, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium sacchari, Acremonium strictum and Mycelia sterilia were identified. Three most commonly species isolated were A. niger (19 isolates), P. corylophilum (seven isolates) and A. flavus (five isolates). The less common species were C. globosum (three isolates), Mycelia sterilia (three isolates), A. strictum (one isolate) and P. glabrum (one isolate). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Common mycotoxin producer are the fungi from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The occurrence of toxigenic fungi on dates, figs, kiwi and raisins suggested that some of these fungi may be an important source of mycotoxin contamination.
Fungi

Aims: Groundnut is an important food crop and is susceptible to contamination by Aspergillus. The present study was conducted to identify Aspergillus spp. from groundnuts as well as to detect mycotoxin production by toxigenic species. Methodology and results: Molecular identification using ITS region, β-tubulin and calmodulin genes identified six species, A. niger, A. tubingensis, A. flavus, A. aculeatus, A. sydowii and A. fumigatus. Phylogenetic tree of combined sequences showed the isolates from the same species were grouped with reference strains in the same clade, thus the species identity was confirmed. Detection of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes can give an indication of mycotoxin production. Two ochratoxin A genes, PKS15KS and PKS15C-MeT were detected in seven A. niger isolates but none of the isolates produced ochratoxin A when quantification was conducted using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Two aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis genes, Nor-1 (norsolorinic acid) and Ver-1 (Versicolorin) genes were detected in A. flavus but only KDH7 and KL27b isolates produced aflatoxin B1 with concentrations of 1.0 μg/g and 1.1 μg/g, respectively. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Various species of Aspergillus found on groundnuts may lead to potential mycotoxin contamination as toxigenic species were also recovered. The occurrence of Aspergillus spp. can reduce the quality of the legumes as well as reducing their shelf life.

Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial period with impressive emotional changes. Emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress are high among adolescents worldwide; however the psychosocial changes are often neglected. The aim of the current study was to determine the depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and their associated factors among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was carried out among school-going adolescents in 10 secondary schools in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. Respondents answered a self-administered questionnaire including socio-demographic, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Using SPSS-21, chi-square test and binomial logistic regression were conducted to examine the associations between dependent and independent variables. Results: Respondents (52.6% female and 53.9% Malay) had 46.0% prevalence of depression symptoms, 59.1% anxiety, 38.1% stress and 45.6% psychosocial status (internalizing and externalizing problems). Age, father occupation and parental bonding were significantly predicted having moderate to extremely severe depression symptom (p<0.05). Younger adolescents (13-14 years old) were 1.42 times more likely to have anxiety symptom. In addition, respondents with insecure father attachment were 1.5 times more likely to have stress symptom (p<0.05). Respondents with insecure parental attachment were more likely to have psychosocial problem (p<0.05). Conclusions: Depression, anxiety and stress of adolescents were influenced by the sociodemographic of adoleascents and their parents. Age, gender and parental attachment were the significant predictors in the current study which should be the center of attention for the future studies to reduce the psychological disorders among adolescents.
Adolescent ; Depression ; Anxiety

Aims: Xerophilic Aspergillus spp. promote the growth of toxigenic species. Since mycotoxins are toxic to human andanimal, identification of these species is important.Methodology and results: Two xerophilic species isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) were identified based onmorphological characteristics, molecular identification, and phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacerregion, β-tubulin, and calmodulin sequences.Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The occurrence of A. chevalieri and A. amstelodami on peanutsprovides favorable growth conditions for less xerophilic Aspergillus as well as other spoilage-related fungal genera,particularly mycotoxin-producing species that could lead to mycotoxin contamination. The occurrence of A. chevalieriand A. amstelodami on peanuts might also reduce shelf life and affect the quality of the kernels. To our knowledge, thisis the first report of the occurrence of A. chevalieri and A. amstelodami on a food product in Malaysia, and the finding ofthis study contributes to the repertoire of Aspergillus species that are associated with food products.

Abstracts Outbreak of rice blast disease is a serious problem in all rice growing regions worldwide and is a threat to rice production. In Malaysia, the outbreak of rice blast is a recurrent problem where rice plant remain vulnerable to the disease. Nowadays, the generic name of rice blast pathogen is Pyricularia oryzae and Magnaporthe oryzae is the synonym. Rice pathogen infects mainly aerial parts of rice plant causing rotting and blast on the leaves, stems, peduncles, panicles and seeds leading to crop failure. Rice blast pathogen population is regarded as highly variable and consisted of multiple pathotypes which contribute to genetic diversity as well virulence diversity of the pathogen. The pathotypes can only be determined through pathogenicity test using a set of differential rice cultivars which generally differ by one or more resistance genes. Knowledge on the rice blast virulence and host resistant is important to manage the disease. Among the control methods, utilizing resistant cultivars is considered as the most effective approach to manage rice blast disease. Therefore, development of blast resistant cultivar becomes a priority.

ABSTRACT Colletotrichum is one of the most significant and common plant pathogens, infecting many economically important crops worldwide. Colletotrichum is also one of the most studied fungal genera in Malaysia because it contains many species that infect various types of agricultural crop including fruit, vegetable and industrial crops. Studies on Colletotrichum spp. are mostly focused on the causal pathogens, the host range and disease management. Among the host crops, most studies on Colletotrichum spp. have been conducted on infection in chilli (Capsicum spp.), which, in Malaysia, first arose in the 1980s and still continues to be a problem to this day. Studies have also been conducted on Colletotrichum spp. associated with anthracnose in fruit crops including dragon fruit, papaya, banana and mango. Disease management of anthracnose pathogens postharvest has also been conducted to prolong the shelf life of these fruit crops. In this review, Colletotrichum spp. associated with chilli and several fruit crops as well as their disease management are highlighted. There have been many changes in Colletotrichum taxonomy and systematics in recent years, affecting the identification of anthracnose pathogens reported in Malaysia. Colletotrichum species identified solely by morphology or solely via the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region should be referred to as sensu lato (in the broad sense) since many species belong to species complexes. Species within a species complex are closely related, and most are cryptic species particularly species in the C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum complexes which are commonly associated with agricultural crops in Malaysia. Due to the importance of Colletotrichum spp. as plant pathogens, up-to-date identification methods should be used since accurate species identification of Colletotrichum is crucial for formulating suitable disease management programmes as well as for plant quarantine and biosecurity purposes. This review provides the current knowledge on the status of Colletotrichum spp. associated with agricultural crops in Malaysia and potential control methods on different types of agricultural crops.
Colletotrichum--pathogenicity

Early pregnancy losses occur in 10-20% of all pregnancies. Surgical evacuation has always been the mainstay of management of miscarriages. The main aim of this study was to understand the success rate of expectant management of miscarriage with regards to gestational sac size and period of gestation. The secondary outcome was to measure the satisfaction level and the rate of pregnancy after 6 month of expectant management. Patients diagnosed with missed miscarriages were requested to choose between expectant or surgical management. Those decided for expectant management on “wait and watch” approach were assessed weekly up to 5 completed weeks until complete miscarriage was achieved spontaneously. Surgical evacuation was performed if medically indicated or requested by the patients at any time or at the end of fifth week if complete miscarriage was not achieved. Out of 212 cases, 75 (35.4%) opted for expectant management. Complete miscarriage was achieved in 85.3% of subjects by the end of fifth weeks respectively. Mean of Gestational sac size and period of gestation was not found to influence the success rate of complete spontaneous miscarriage in the expectant management. No morbidity was recorded during the five weeks of the study period. Mean satisfaction score was 9.7±8.3. Pregnancy occurred in 47% of patients within 6 months follow up. The Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the end of second week as the cut off for surgical intervention. This study revealed that expectant management of missed miscarriage is a reliable management of missed miscarriage within the first two weeks.
Pregnancy Complications ; Abortion, Spontaneous