OBJECTIVETo evaluate the toxicity of photoactivated insecticide K-01 to the larvae of Aedes albopictus and observe the histopathological changes in the larvae.

METHODSThe number of dead larvae was recorded after application of K-01 at different concentrations under different illumination conditions. The content variation of the midgut, malpighian tubules and fat bodies in the larvae was observed microscopically, and the genomic DNA of the larvae was extracted for electrophoresis to identify the target bands.

RESULTSThe maximum larvae-killing effect was achieved with 50 mg/ml K-01 applied under sunlight (100% killing 24 hours after application). Optical microscopic observation of the killed larvae revealed severe damage of the mid-intestinal cells that showed disintegration and elongation. Distinct vacuoles were observed in the fat body cells, in which red droplets were seen to assemble around the cell nuclei. The result of 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis of the larvae genomic DNA presented typical ladder patterns, suggesting the presence of cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONK-01 is an effective photoactivated insecticide.

Aedes ; drug effects ; growth & development ; radiation effects ; Animals ; Insecticides ; toxicity ; Larva ; drug effects ; growth & development ; radiation effects ; Ultraviolet Rays

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to reveal the effect of total ginsenoside on the protein content and digestive enzyme activities of 4th-instar Mythimna separata larvae, including alpha-amylase and cellulose, and explore the ecological function of total ginsenoside.

METHODWhile simulating natural growing condition indoors, 4th-instar M. separata larvae were fed by poison leaf disk method. The protein content was tested by Lowry Protein Assay Kit method, the activity of alpha-amylase was measured by dinitrosalicylic acid test, and the activity of cellulase was determined by the filter paper method.

RESULTThe total ginsenoside could reduce the content of protein of 4th-instar M. separata larvae significantly, and the activity of digestive enzyme, including alpha-amylase and cellulase. The protein content, alpha-amylase and cellulase activity of treatments were obviously lower than that of the control. Inhibition ratio of alpha-amylase and cellulase activity was positively correlated with total ginsenoside concentration: i. e. 20 g x L(-1) > 10 g x L(-1) > 5 g x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that the inhibition effect of total ginsenoside on protein content and digestive enzymes may be one of the causes to antifeedant and dysplasia of M. separata larvae.

Animals ; Digestion ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Insect Proteins ; metabolism ; Larva ; drug effects ; enzymology ; growth & development ; Moths ; drug effects ; enzymology ; growth & development

To evaluate the effects of pesticides to parasite eggs, Ascaris suum eggs were incubated with 5 different pesticides (1:1,500-1:2,000 dilutions of 2% emamectin benzoate, 5% spinetoram, 5% indoxacarb, 1% deltamethrin, and 5% flufenoxuron; all v/v) at 20degrees C for 6 weeks, and microscopically evaluated the egg survival and development on a weekly basis. The survival rate of A. suum eggs incubated in normal saline (control eggs) was 90+/-3% at 6 weeks. However, the survival rates of eggs treated with pesticides were 75-85% at this time, thus significantly lower than the control value. Larval development in control eggs commenced at 3 weeks, and 73+/-3% of eggs had internal larvae at 6 weeks. Larvae were evident in pesticide-treated eggs at 3-4 weeks, and the proportions of eggs carrying larvae at 6 weeks (36+/-3%-54+/-3%) were significantly lower than that of the control group. Thus, pesticides tested at levels similar to those used in agricultural practices exhibited low-level ovicidal activity and delayed embryogenesis of A. suum eggs, although some differences were evident among the tested pesticides.
Animals ; Ascaris suum/*drug effects/growth & development ; Female ; Larva/drug effects/growth & development ; Microscopy ; Pesticides/*pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; Temperature ; Time ; Zygote/*drug effects/growth & development

Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the main component in hot peppers, including red chili peppers, jalapenos, and habanero, belonging to the genus Capsicum. Capsaicin is a potent antioxidant that interferes with free radical activities. In the present study, the possible protective effect of capsaicin was studied against methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) induced toxicity in third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ)Bg. The third instar was allowed to feed on the diet having different doses of capsaicin and MMS separately and in combination. The results suggested that the exposure of third instar larvae to the diet having MMS alone showed significant hsp70 expression as well as tissue DNA and oxidative damage, whereas the larvae feed on the diet having MMS and capsaicin showed a decrease in the toxic effects for 48-h of exposure. In conclusion, capsaicin showed a dose-dependent decrease in the toxic effects induced by MMS in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster.
Acetylcholinesterase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Anticarcinogenic Agents ; pharmacology ; Capsaicin ; pharmacology ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; Drosophila melanogaster ; drug effects ; Larva ; drug effects ; Methyl Methanesulfonate ; antagonists & inhibitors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the bio-safety of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), we studied its effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish.

METHODSIn vivo, biodistribution and the developmental toxicity of GQDs were investigated in embryonic zebrafish at exposure concentrations ranging from 12.5-200 μg/mL for 4-96 h post-fertilization (hpf). The mortality, hatch rate, malformation, heart rate, GQDs uptake, spontaneous movement, and larval behavior were examined.

RESULTSThe fluorescence of GQDs was mainly localized in the intestines and heart. As the exposure concentration increased, the hatch and heart rate decreased, accompanied by an increase in mortality. Exposure to a high level of GQDs (200 μg/mL) resulted in various embryonic malformations including pericardial edema, vitelline cyst, bent spine, and bent tail. The spontaneous movement significantly decreased after exposure to GQDs at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL. The larval behavior testing (visible light test) showed that the total swimming distance and speed decreased dose-dependently. Embryos exposed to 12.5 μg/mL showed hyperactivity while exposure to higher concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) caused remarkable hypoactivity in the light-dark test.

CONCLUSIONLow concentrations of GQDs were relatively non-toxic. However, GQDs disrupt the progression of embryonic development at concentrations exceeding 50 μg/mL.

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; abnormalities ; drug effects ; Graphite ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Larva ; drug effects ; Quantum Dots ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Zebrafish ; embryology

OBJECTIVETo assess the larvicidal and irritant activities of the hexane extracts of leaves of Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) against the early fourth instars and female adults of Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti).

METHODSThe larvicidal potential of the prepared leaf extract was evaluated against early fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti using WHO protocol. The mortality counts were made after 24 h and LC50 and LC90 values were calculated. The efficacy of extract as mosquito irritant was assessed by contact irritancy assays. Extract-impregnated paper was placed on a glass plate over which a perspex funnel with a hole on the top was kept inverted. Single female adult, 3-day old unfed/blood-fed, was released inside the funnel. After 3 min of acclimatization time, the time taken for the first take-off and total number of flights undertaken during 15 min were scored.

RESULTSThe citrus leaf extracts from hexane possessed moderate larvicidal efficiency against dengue vector. The bioassays resulted in an LC50 and LC90 value of 446.84 and 1 370.96 ppm, respectively after 24 h of exposure. However, the extracts were proved to be remarkable irritant against adults Ae. aegypti, more pronounced effects being observed on blood-fed females than unfed females. The extract-impregnated paper was thus proved to be 7-11 times more irritable as compared with the control paper.

CONCLUSIONSThe hexane extracts from C. sinensis leaves are proved to be reasonably larvicidal but remarkably irritant against dengue vector. Further studies are needed to identify the possible role of extract as adulticide, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal agent. The isolation of active ingredient from the extract could help in formulating strategies for mosquito control.

Aedes ; drug effects ; Animals ; Citrus sinensis ; metabolism ; Dengue ; transmission ; Disease Vectors ; Female ; Insecticides ; pharmacology ; Larva ; drug effects ; Mosquito Control ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; metabolism

The entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila was isolated from the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella infected with Steinernema carpocapsae. The bacterial cells and its metabolic secretions have been found lethal to the Galleria larvae. Toxic secretion in broth caused 95% mortality within 4 d of application whereas the bacterial cells caused 93% mortality after 6 d. When filter and sand substrates were compared, the later one was observed as appropriate. Similarly, bacterial cells and secretion in broth were more effective at 14% moisture and 25 degrees C temperature treatments. Maximum insect mortality (100%) was observed when bacterial concentration of 4x10(6) cells/ml was used. Similarly, maximum bacterial cells in broth (95%) were penetrated into the insect body within 2 h of their application. However, when stored bacterial toxic secretion was applied to the insects its efficacy declined. On the other hand, when the same toxic secretion was dried and then dissolved either in broth or water was proved to be effective. The present study showed that the bacterium, X. nematophila or its toxic secretion can be used as an important component of integrated pest management against Galleria.
Animals ; Bacterial Proteins ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Toxins ; pharmacology ; Larva ; drug effects ; microbiology ; Moths ; drug effects ; microbiology ; Nematoda ; microbiology ; Pest Control, Biological ; methods ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate ; Xenorhabdus ; metabolism ; pathogenicity

To investigate vincristine-induced dopaminergic neurons toxicity and mechanism, and explore the molecular target to reduce the toxicity, zebrafish was chosen as a model animal, based on RT-PCR, Western blotting, whole mount in situ immunofluorescence and other technical means. The results showed that the transcription levels of tyrosine hydroxylase gene and dopamine transporter protein gene were inhibited. Furthermore, the number of dopaminergic neurons was decreased by vincristine. Autophagy was suppressed and beclin1 gene expression was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by vincristine in larval zebrafish. Up-regulated beclin1 partly reduced vincristine-induced neurotoxicity, and down-regulated beclin1 increased toxicity. Beclin1 plays an important role in vincristine-induced dopaminergic neurons toxicity.
Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; metabolism ; Autophagy ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; drug effects ; pathology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Larva ; drug effects ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; metabolism ; Vincristine ; adverse effects ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins ; metabolism

PURPOSE: microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs composed of 20 to 22 nucleotides that regulate development and differentiation in various organs by silencing specific RNAs and regulating gene expression. In the present study, we show that the microRNA (miR)-183 cluster is upregulated during hair cell regeneration and that its inhibition reduces hair cell regeneration following neomycin-induced ototoxicity in zebrafish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: miRNA expression patterns after neomycin exposure were analyzed using microarray chips. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate miR-183 cluster expression patterns following neomycin exposure (500 µM for 2 h). After injection of an antisense morpholino (MO) to miR-183 (MO-183) immediately after fertilization, hair cell regeneration after neomycin exposure in neuromast cells was evaluated by fluorescent staining (YO-PRO1). The MO-183 effect also was assessed in transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in inner ear hair cells. RESULTS: Microarray analysis clearly showed that the miR-183 cluster (miR-96, miR-182, and miR-183) was upregulated after neomycin treatment. We also confirmed upregulated expression of the miR-183 cluster during hair cell regeneration after neomycin-induced ototoxicity. miR-183 inhibition using MO-183 reduced hair cell regeneration in both wild-type and GFP transgenic zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSION: Our work demonstrates that the miR-183 cluster is essential for the regeneration of hair cells following ototoxic injury in zebrafish larvae. Therefore, regulation of the miR-183 cluster can be a novel target for stimulation of hair cell regeneration.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Count ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Larva/drug effects ; Larva/genetics ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Morpholinos/pharmacology ; Neomycin/toxicity ; Regeneration/drug effects ; Regeneration/genetics ; Zebrafish/genetics

Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) has been widely used as an alternative flame retardant due to the restriction or phase-out of traditional polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and is of increasing concern regarding its ubiquity, persistence, and potential adverse effects. In the present study, the toxicological effects of DBDPE were evaluated using zebrafish as an in vivo model. Upon being exposed to DBDPE-polluted sediments for a short term, it was found that the mortality and malformation of zebrafish (including edema, bent notochord, and bent tail) were not affected even at the highest concentration tested (1000.0 µg/kg dry sediment). Regarding behavioral responses, it was found that zebrafish larvae of 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in all groups escaped successfully with a touch to the dorsal fin. However, when exposed to the highest DBDPE concentration, the larvae of 120 hpf exhibited significantly smaller distances as compared to the control. Moreover, the results of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, the expression levels of two important nerve-related genes, and the cell apoptosis all indicated that DBDPE posed low neurotoxicity in embryo-larval zebrafish. The results in this study shed some light on the potential risks of DBDPE in the real environment and highlight the application of the sediment exposure route in the future.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced ; etiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Bromobenzenes ; toxicity ; Geologic Sediments ; analysis ; Larva ; drug effects ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; etiology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; toxicity ; Zebrafish ; embryology