OBJECTIVE:To provide policy suggestion for the effective implementation of"two-invoice system"policy in the field of pharmaceutical distribution in China. METHODS:By analyzing current mode and problems of pharmaceutical distribution in China,the implementation background of"two-invoice system"was understood.At the same time,main points of"two-invoice system"policy were reviewed and summarized;the effect of the policy promotion and the potential risks could be inferred,and the corresponding policy suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:At present,there are many problems in the field of pharmaceutical distribution in China,such as low concentration of industry,confusion of circulation order,numerous relevant parties of interest chain and endless violations. The implementation of"two-invoice system"has realized the consistency of invoice flow,logistics and cash flow,through clearly defining production enterprises,strengthening invoice management of circulation enterprises and public medical institutions,guaranteeing drug supply in remote areas, constructing information platform,compressing circulation link,integrating circulation enterprises,implementing"point to an area"completely. It is conducive to effectively improve regulatory efficiency of government departments and the concentration of pharmaceutical distribution industry,and is expected to reduce the virtual high drug price through linkage with other policies. The"two-invoice system"policy framework of provinces(regions,cities)is adjusted according to practical situation of different districts based on the national policy,corresponding practice and exploration have been carried out. The"two-invoice system"has its own adaptability in the implementation process,which may cause drug shortages,local protectionism and new interest chain. The author puts forward the countermeasures,such as timely assessment of the implementation of the"two-invoice system",taking various measures to ensure the supply of drugs,setting up appropriate policy transition period,and strengthening coordination and cooperation among relevant departments so as to response to potential risks during the implementation of the"two-invoice system"policy.

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for improving China’s national medicine policy framework. METHODS： The medicine policy documents of 2009-April 2019 were collected， and then policy texts were categorized according to national medicine policy elements of WHO. According to the number and strength of policies， the construction of national medicine policy framework was analyzed. The main reform measures of different themes were extracted and summarized. On this basis， the logic of medicine reform in China was analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： National medicine policy framework has been established primarily， but it is not balanced， such as the number and intensity of policies on human resources and medicine financing are slightly inadequate. Analysis of China’s national medicine policy framework reveals that： （1） in the process of construction， “quality assurance” and “affordability” are the two main policy lines， and “quality improvement” and “cost reduction” are the two main policy objectives； （2） the construction of national medicine policy framework has a phased reform focus， and it has gone through a process from “demand-side reform” to “supply-side and demand-side reform”； （3） the importance of medicine procurement in the reform has been strengthened continuously. It is suggested to strengthen the balance of national medicine policy， improve human resources， medicine financing and rational medicine use policy construction； it is also suggested to strengthen top-level design， establish a multi-department collaborative decision-making and coordination mechanism， and enhance the coordination of medicine policies； in addition， the role of procurement links reform should be further played .

The reform of medical service prices in China has been launched, and the reasonable pricing and management of medical technology services are of great significance for improving patient well-being and advancing the reform of our medical system. The author provided a detailed review of the policy evolution, current management status, and main issues of medical service price management in China since 2000. The medical service price management policies in China since 2000 were divided into four evolutionary stages: initial exploration of decentralization, substantial development, continuous advancement, and deep promotion. The author also described the formation mechanism and pricing methods of international medical service prices, and compared the similarities and differences in medical service price management at home and abroad. Some suggestions were put forward for improving the macro reform of medical service price management in China.

UK has initiated since 2014 a new round of healthcare reform of its National Healthcare System(NHS), featuring more resources to the primary level, and made supportive reform method reforms for a variety of innovative mods of diagnosis and treatment. These efforts aim at promoting further refined management and ensure smooth progress of healthcare sector reforms. The authors introduced the historical evolution and latest trends of payment methods reform in the UK, and analyzed the review and update of the Quality and Outcomes Framework of basic medical service contracts for GP practices, which can hopefully provide useful references for the reform of payment methods in China.

Optimizing the drug price management mechanism and improving the availability and affordability of drugs are important in deepening the medical and health reform. The price of drugs in the United States has always been higher than the world average. The price of drugs, the total expenditure on drugs and the personal burden of patients have shown an increasing trend. By exploring the causes of high drug prices in the United States, the author found that there were four main reasons for the current situation of drug prices in the United States, including the interests of enterprises, the limited competition mechanism of the US drug market, relatively insufficient market bargaining power of the US payers, and opaque mechanism of price formation.Firstly, pharmaceutical companies try to achieve their interests by raising drug prices. Secondly, the price formation mechanism of the United States drug market is affected by the price strategy of pharmaceutical companies, and government policies also indirectly affect the role of the market. Thirdly, the payers in the United States are relatively scattered, so that the market bargaining power is relatively insufficient.Fourthly, due to the numerous drug circulation links and stakeholders, the drug price formation mechanism is opaque and lacks supervision. Therefore, when strengthening drug price management in China, we should build a coordination mechanism between the government and the market on the basis of the existing basic economic system and drug management mechanism, establish the strategic purchase and negotiation position of medical insurance for drugs, enhance the transparency of drug circulation and trading, and establish a scientific pricing system. It is also important to promote drug innovation and ensure drug quality.

Objective To establish a scientific and comprehensive evaluation index for new technology access in tertiary public hospital, so as to provide a tool for new technology access management system and scientific basis for decision-making. Methods This study collected data from eight provinces nationwide including 30 tertiary public hospital based new technology access application, catalogued dimensions of application. It also referred to the European Union, Denmark, Canada and other countries in forming the hospital health technology assessment form, along with two rounds of Delphi expert consultation. Results The new medical technology access index system of China′s tertiary public hospitals was preliminarily formed, including 5 first-level indexes and 24 level-2 indexes. Conclusions The two rounds of expert advice have a high degree of consistency, indicating that the indicators are in line with the actual situation of hospital management in China, yet with rooms of constant improvement in practice.

In order to further promote the reform of medical service price and strengthen the macro management of medical service price, the author constructed a calculation method for price adjustment space of medical service. This study was centered on two parameters of the historical base and the growth coefficient, to calculate the total amountof price adjustment. The historical base used the total revenue of medical services in the region from the previous year, and the growth coefficient was measured by two methods, the comprehensive indicator method and the consumer price index (CPI) reference method.Taking Suzhou, a national pilot city, as an example, the historical base in 2022 was 18 754 million yuan. By using the comprehensive indicator method, the annual growth coefficient was calculated to be 2.38%, and adjustment space of medical service price was 446.35 million yuan; According to the CPI reference method, the growth coefficient of Suzhou was 2.10%, and adjustment space of medical service price was 393.83 million yuan.The two methods for calculating the total amount each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and need to be further optimized and improved by drawing on the practical experience of reform in each pilot city.

Objective:To design a set of evaluation index system for the medical service price reform mechanism, so as to provide reference for the evaluation of deepening the medical service price reform mechanism.Methods:On the basis of searching literature of medical service prices reformfrom August 2021 to March 2023, policy logic analysis and expert consultation were used to construct evaluation indexes for the medical service price reform mechanism, set evaluation index thresholds, and assign scores to index thresholds in different grades.Results:The evaluationindex system of medical service price reform mechanism included 5 level-1 indexes, 12 level-2 indexes and 35 level-3 indexes. After scoring, the scores of 5 level-1 indexes were 12, 24, 35, 21, and 8, respectively.Based on the percentile scoring method, the evaluation criteria were categorized into five grades: premium, excellent, good, average and failure.Conclusions:This study constructed a set of evaluation index system for the mechanism of medical service price reform, which had strong scientific and operability. However, due to the fact that medical service price reform in the new era is still in its initial stage, the index system need to be further optimized drawing on the practical experience of reforms in pilot cities.

New " management measures and regulations for medical technology clinical use and research" was officially implemented on November 1, 2018. Under the background of the adjustment of the national medical technology clinical application management system, the authors collected and analyzed the research on the clinical application management and evaluation of medical technology from 30 tertiary public hospitals in 8 provinces, as well as other data, summarized the current status and problems, attempted to provide reference for the optimization and system construction of medical technology management and evaluation system in China.

Objective:To analyze the differences in information needs of doctors, middle managers, and hospital leaders in tertiary public hospitals in the process of new technology access.Methods:From January to October 2018, 1 200 doctors and hospital administrators from 30 tertiary public hospitals in 8 provinces were selected. The importance scores of different positions for decision-making information demand of new technology introduction were collected through questionnaire survey, and the scores were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.Results:1 032 valid questionnaires were obtained. Hospital-level leaders, middle-level managers, and doctors scored higher on the clinical application, safety, and effectiveness of technology at home and abroad(more than 4 points, maximum 5 points). Hospital-level leaders and middle-level managers had higher scores on effectiveness, evidence quality, possibility of being covered by medical insurance, ethics and relevant indicators of strategic level, while doctors had higher scores on health economics and organizational indicators.Conclusions:There are some differences in the information demand for new technology access among different positions in tertiary public hospitals. Understanding the decision-making needs of different positions is conducive to promoting the actual implementation of hospital-based health technology assessment standards in China′s public hospitals.