Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly identified innate lymphocytes in humans and mice that are important and effective cells of innate immunity and regulate adaptive immunity. ILCs have been found to promote the start, regulation and resolution of inflammation. ILCs play an important role in the progress of infection, inflammation and tissue repair in the mouse model, and clinic researches also indicate the importance of ILCs in human health and disease. Based on the previous related researches, the types of ILCs and the role of these populations in promoting acute and chronic inflammation as well as resolution inflammation and tissue repair were mainly reviewed to provide new insights for the further study.

Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte type in humans and comprise the host's first line of cellular defense against foreign pathogens invasion. On the other hand, neutrophils are the main mediators of tissue damage induced by acute and chronic inflammation. They were once considered to be short-lived, low transcriptional activity, and terminally differentiated homogeneous leucocytes that failed to return to circulation from tissue. However, more evidence has demonstrated that neutrophils can develop into different sub-populations with phenotypic heterogeneity and functional versatility under physiology and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of neutrophils in sepsis and tumor genesis.

A questionnaire study on doctor-patient relationship was made to the public servants,people at large,medical staff and patients in Beijing in 2007.It found the relationship to be harmonic in general,given tense to some extent,and the main legal causes for tense relationship were incomplete medical legislation,poor awareness of medical subjects in medical service provision and seeking according to law,and incomplete legal systems to handle medical disputes.In this consideration,the paper proposed to enhance healthcare legislation in an effort to:build a better medical and healthcare legal system;upgrade the capabilities of both doctors and patients in medicine practice and service seeking according to law;build a diversified medical dispute resolution mechanism and legal measures of patient rights assurance.

Objective:To study the relationship between the temperament and intelligence of preschool children Method:The temperament and intelligence of 350 preschool children were tested with Scales of Children Temperament Questionnaire and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Result:There was no gender difference in children's temperament Children with positive tendency in temperament had higher intelligence quotient, especially for verbal IQ The IQ of our sample was associated with the rhythmicity, adaptability and persistency in temperament Conclusion:In preschool children, intelligence is associated with their temperament

The clinical practice of medical students relates to many complicated interests. There exist insufficiency and irregularity in present law,so perfecting the law in medicine stu-dents’clinical practice is necessary. The lawmaking should insist on the balance in every main body’s right,obligation and responsibility,justice in restriction,acknowledgement and agreement and the principle of multi-factors and level partition.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Liangxue Huoxue decoction on intestinal flora, intestinal barrier and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) pyroptosis signaling pathway in mice model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).Methods:The model of AKI was established by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), sepsis group (CLP group) and sepsis+Liangxue Huoxue decoction (CLP+LXHX group), with 10 mice in each group. Mice in Sham group only underwent laparotomy. Two hours before model establishment, mice in CLP+LXHX group were treated with Liangxue Huoxue decoction (6 g/kg) by gavage; mice in Sham group and CLP group were given equal volume of normal saline by gavages. After 24 hours of modeling, all mice were sacrificed under anesthesia, and the colon and kidney tissues and fresh feces in the colon were taken. The pathological changes of kidney and colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining under light microscope. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect inflammatory factors (interleukins, IL-1β and IL-18) in renal tissue. The expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD were detected by Western blotting. The changes of intestinal flora in mice were detected by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.Results:Compared with the Sham group, the inflammatory cell infiltration of the kidney tissue was increased and the kidney became vacuolated in CLP group, the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-18, and the protein expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD were significantly increased in CLP group, the species richness of intestinal microflora decreased significantly, the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Escherichia-Shigella increased significantly, and the relative abundance of Ileibacterium, Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae, Klebsiella and Parasutterella increased significantly in CLP group. Compared with CLP group, Liangxue Huoxue decoction can significantly reduce the pathological changes of kidney and colon tissue, reduce the pathological score (1.75±0.43 vs. 3.50±0.50 for kidney tissue, 1.25±0.43 vs. 4.50±0.50 for colon tissue, both P < 0.05), improve the composition of intestinal flora, reduce the relative abundance of Enterococcus and Escherichia-Shigella, and significantly increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. In addition, Liangxue Huoxue decoction can significantly reduce mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-18 in kidney tissue [IL-1β mRNA (2 -ΔΔCt): 1.59±0.05 vs. 4.61±0.88, IL-18 mRNA (2 -ΔΔCt): 1.69±0.17 vs. 2.86±0.63, both P < 0.05] and the protein expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD (NLRP3/GAPDH: 0.71±0.04 vs. 0.89±0.01, caspase-1/GAPDH: 1.04±0.04 vs. 1.48±0.04, GSDMD/GAPDH: 0.90±0.01 vs. 1.41±0.02, all P < 0.05). Conclusions:Liangxue Huoxue decoction has obvious protective effect on AKI induced by sepsis. It can improve intestinal barrier by regulating intestinal flora, thereby inhibiting the activation of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway in kidney tissue and reducing the expression of proptosis-related inflammatory factors.

Objective:To understand the satisfaction of villagers on the service of village clinics,in order to improve the service ability of village clinics.Methods:Choosing M County of Beijing as the research site,we chose five towns and chose 10 villages in each town as the studysites.In the extraction 50 villages,about 5 villagers from each village were selected to conducts questionnaire survey.Results:Of the villagers surveyed,the average age was (55.99 ± 11.71)years old.A total of 75.0％ of the villagers chose to seek medical care in village clinics when they had common diseases.The order of the number of people that villagers were satisfied with the village clinicsin all aspects from high to low was drug quality,basic medical care,public health,the type and quantity of drugs,medical equipment.Conclusion:It should give priority to the introduction of the village talent and weave tertiary health care network bottom tightly;pay attention to hardware equipment at basic level and tamp the service status of village clinics;give consideration to both the benefit and public welfare and improve health service ability.

Objective:To investigate the correlation of rural doctors' service ability and interest demands,and analyze the countermeasures for improving the service capacity of rural doctors from the perspective of the personal interest demands of rural doctors. Methods:Through the combination of qualitative and quantitative research meth-ods,we described the current situation and correlation of rural doctors'service ability and interest demands. Result:The interest demands of rural doctors mainly included raising the level of old - age insurance,increasing economic subsidies,clarifying the position of rural doctors,increasing the training opportunities and solving practice risk. These five demands had different level effect on the service ability of rural doctors. Conclusion:It should compre-hensively promote the progress of rural integration,improve the rural doctor's economic subsidies and pension secu-rity level and integrate rural doctor into medical and health system;establish a rural doctor' risk sharing mechanism to solve the practice risk of rural doctors;optimize the training mechanism for rural doctors to improve the technical level of rural doctors.

Objective: To characterize the relations between the practice of parenting and associated factors on children (0-5 years old) in urban areas of China, in order to provide evidence for promoting the early development of children and to provide positive guidance and service programs on parenting. Methods: A total of 4 515 parents from 15 cities (14 provinces) were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) was used, including parameters as: consistency and coercive parenting, positive encouragement, parent-child relationship and parental emotion adjustment, family relationship and parental teamwork aspects, etc. Both single factor analysis and multiple linear regression were used to examine the associations between parenting practice, individual, parental and family factors. Results: The mean score of PAFAS was 21.00 (15.00-28.00), associated with factors as children’s age, only-child family, premature delivery, father’s education level, confidence on parenting, problems regarding the parental mood, annual family income, family structure and behavior on seeking professional help, etc. Results showed that there were big differences on the practice of parenting in China and influenced by variety of factors. Conclusions The general situation of parenting was well, in the urban areas of China. The practice of parenting was associated with a series of individual, parental and family factors. Programs on improving the parenting skills and promoting the early development of children, should be highlighted.