Ganoderic acid(GA) is one of main bioactive components produced by Ganoderma lucidum,which a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and a kind of tracyclic triterpene lanosterol derivatives with highly oxidized structure. It has a variety of important pharmacological activities,such as anticancer,immunoregulation,anti-oxidation,anti-diabetes and anti-HIV. At present,the studies of GA mainly focus on biosynthesis,fermentation control,isolation and purification,structure identification and pharmacological effects.However,there are a fewer pharmacokinetic studies of GA,although it is closely related to the clinical application. Recent studies have shown that GA can be absorbed rapidly by gastrointestinal tract and distributed in various tissues and organs after oral intake. GA is metabolized by liver at phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ,and then mainly excreted by bile. In this paper,the pharmacokinetic characteristics of GA and its absorption,distribution,metabolism and excretion(ADME) will be systematically summarized,in order to provide scientific basis for the application and development studies of Ganoderma triterpenoid drugs and their rational clinical use.
Humans ; Lanosterol ; pharmacokinetics ; Reishi ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; pharmacokinetics

A new lanostanoid triterpene, named ganoderitriol M (1), together with a known triterpene ganoderic acid epsilon (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G lucidum. Compound 1 was deduced as (24S)-lanosta-7-oxo-8-en-3beta, 24, 25-triol on the basis of spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR).
Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Reishi ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the dymamic accumulation of triterpenic acids production in submerged cultivation mycelium of Poria cocos.

METHODLiquid culture method of P. cocos was established and RP-HPLC was applied to determine the contents of three main triterpenic acids dehydrotumulosic acid (DTA), 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid (eDTA) and polyporenic acid C (PAC) in submerged cultivation mycelium P. cocos at different culture stages and the contents were compared with cultivated P. cocos. The HPLC method is as follows, column: Plastisil ODS (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm); mobile phase: ACN/0.5% phosphate (80:20); flow rate: 1.0 mL . min-1; detective wavelength: 242 nm.

RESULTThe maximum biomass occurred at the 8th d after inoluctation, however, the contents and yield of three compounds increased till the 17th day. The contents of three compounds were 1. 2% (DTA), 0. 42% (eDTA) and 1.0% (PAC) at the 17th day after inoculation, which were significantly higher than that in cultivated material [0.2% (DTA), 0. 12(eDTA) and 0. 16% (PAC) ]. Furthermore, a correlation analysis between the content ratios of three independent compounds was carried out. The results showed that DTA negatively correlated with eDTA and PAC, with R2 of 0. 857 6 and 0. 971 7, respectively, which suggested the role of DTA as an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in P. cocos.

CONCLUSIONThe sum content of three main terpenoids in submerged cultivation mycelium P. cocos was 5. 55 times as that in cultivated material, which strongly suggested the possibility of fermentation in the production of medicinally important triterpenic acids in the future.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Mycelium ; chemistry ; Poria ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; analysis

Antifungal properties of methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (BMC) were investigated using 16 fungi. Cytotoxicity test of BMC revealed that the morphology of HeLa cells was considerably deformed even at the concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of BMC for 7 fungi among the 16 tested ones were lower than 1.95x10(-4) microg/ml, while Aspergillus flavus showed an MIC value higher than 1.0 microg/ml. Tolerance induction against BMC was successful only for Paecilomyces farinosus LAR10, contrary to the expectation that tolerance would be induced for the fungi having high MIC values such as Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and A. flavus ATCC 9643. Spore germination of A. niger ATCC 9642 was suppressed by BMC. However the mycelial growth of the fungus once germinated was not retarded at all by BMC up to 8 MIC. Addition of lanosterol provided a remedy for the reduced germination rate of A. niger ATCC 9642 spores.
Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus niger ; Fungi ; Germination ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Lanosterol ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Niger ; Paecilomyces ; Spores

The Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has been used in folk medicine to treat cancers. However, limited information exists on the underlying anticancer effects of the major component of I. obliquus in vivo. We hypothesize that the pure compounds (3beta-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-al, inotodiol and lanosterol, respectively) separated from I. obliquus would inhibit tumor growth in Balbc/c mice bearing Sarcoma-180 cells (S-180) in vivo and growth of human carcinoma cells in vitro. To test this hypothesis, the growth inhibition of each subfraction isolated from I. obliquus on human carcinoma cell lines (lung carcinoma A-549 cells, stomach adenocarcinoma AGS cells, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, and cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells) was tested in vitro. Then, after S-180 implantation, the mice were fed a normal chow supplemented with 0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg of subfraction 1, 2 or 3 per mouse per day. All of the subfractions isolated from I. obliquus showed significant cytotoxic activity against the selected cancer cell lines in vitro. Subfraction 1 was more active than subfraction 2 and subfraction 3 against the A549, AGS and MCF-7 cancer cell lines in vitro. In in vivo results, subfraction 1 isolated from I. obliquus at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mouse per day significantly decreased tumor volume by 23.96% and 33.71%, respectively, as compared with the control. Subfractions 2 and 3 also significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing S-180 as compared with the control mouse tumor. Subfraction 1 isolated from I. obliquus showed greater inhibition of tumor growth than subfractions 2 and 3, which agrees well with the in vitro results. The results suggest that I. obliquus and its compounds in these subfractions isolated from I. obliquus could be used as natural anticancer ingredients in the food and/or pharmaceutical industry.
Adenocarcinoma ; Agaricales ; Animals ; Breast ; Cell Line ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Lanosterol ; MCF-7 Cells ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mice ; Stomach ; Tumor Burden ; Ursidae

To establish a method for simultaneous determination of dehydrotumulosic acid, polyporenic acid C, 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid, dehydropachymic acid and pachymic acid in Poria, a RP-HPLC method detected by UV wavelengths switch had been developed, including 210 nm (48-55 min) for pachymic acid and 241 nm (0-48 min) for dehydrotumulosic acid, polyporenic acid C, 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid, dehydropachymic acid, separately. The system consisting of a Kromasil C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) and a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.05% phosphate acid as the mobile phase was adopted; The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The linear response range was 30.5-610.0 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 6) for dehydrotumulosic acid, 12.66-253.2 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 5) for polyporenic acid C, 2.99-59.7 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 7) for 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid, 6.13-122.5 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.999 5) for dehydropachymic acid and 11.3-226.0 microg x mL(-1) (r = 0.9995) for pachymic acid. The average recoveries of these compounds were 98.5% (RSD = 1.9%), 99.4% (RSD = 1.7%), 97.9% (RSD = 1.2%), 96.7% (RSD = 2.5%) and 97.9% (RSD = 2.3%), respectively. The method is simple, accurate and reproducible for quality control of Poria.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Poria ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; methods ; Triterpenes ; analysis

Sterols are one of the active classes of compounds in Inonotus obliquus for their effective therapy of many diseases. In field environment, this fungus accumulates large amount of sterols. In cultured mycelia, however, this class of compounds is less accumulated. For analyzing the factors responsible for differing sterol composition, the field-grown and cultured mycelia were extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature and total sterols were prepared using silicon gel column chromatography followed by identification using either GC-MS or spectroscopic methods. For culturing Inonotus obliquus, the seed culture was grown either in basic medium consisting of glucose (2%), yeast extract (0.5%), KH2PO4 (0.01%), MgSO4.7H20 (0.05%) and distilled water at pH 6.5, or the basic medium supplemented with serial concentrations of AgNO3. The results indicated that field-grown mycelia contained lanosterol and inotodiol (comprised 45. 47% and 25. 36% of the total sterols, respectively) and other 10 sterols (comprising the remaining 30.17%) including ergosterol biosynthetic intermediates such as 24-methylene dihydrolanosterol, 4,4-dimethylfecosterol, 4-methyl fecosterol, fecosterol and episterol. Column chromatography also led to the isolation of lanosterol, Inotodiol, trametenolic acid, foscoparianol B and a new triterpenoid foscoparianol D in field-grown mycelia. In comparison, the cultured mycelia only contained three sterols with ergosterol as the predominant one (82.20%). Lanosterol only accounted for 3.68%. Supplementing Ag+ into the culture at 0.28 micromol x L(-1) greatly enhanced content of lanosterol (accounting for 56.81%) and decreased the content of ergosterol (18.5%) together with the presence of intermediates for ergosterol biosynthesis. These results suggested that the sterol composition in mycelia of the fungus can be diversified by supplementing substances inhibiting enzymatic process towards the synthesis of ergosterol. Harsh growth conditions in field environment (i.e. temperature variation, UV irradiation etc.) can delay the synthesis of ergosterol and hereby diversify the sterol composition in the mycelia of Inonotus obliquus.
Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Culture Media ; pharmacology ; Culture Techniques ; Ergosterol ; biosynthesis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; biosynthesis ; Mycelium ; chemistry ; Silver Nitrate ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents of the rhizomes of Actaea asiatica in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of its effective components.

METHODCompounds were separated by silica gel chromatography, RP-C18 chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were established by spectral analysis and chemical evidence.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Their structures were identified as 25-O-acetylcimigenol (1), 12beta-hydroxycimigenol (2), 23-epi-26-deoxyactein (3), 27-deoxyacetylacteol (4), 26-deoxycimicifugenin (5) and beta-sitosterol (6).

CONCLUSIONAll these compounds mentioned above were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Actaea ; chemistry ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the constituents from roots of Euphorbia hylonoma.

METHODColumn chromatographic techniques were used for isolation and purification of the chemical constituents and their structures were identified by spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS).

RESULTSix compounds were isolated and elucidated as nonane (1), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (2), euphol (3), beta-sitosterol (4), acalyphol (5) and daucosterol (6) respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Alkanes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Euphorbia ; chemistry ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo find new active constituents from the aerial part of Cimicifuga foetida.

METHODVarious column chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation and purification of the principles. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidences.

RESULTFour 9,19-cycloartane triterpenoid saponins were obtained and identified as Cimifoetiside III (25-anhydrocimigenol-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, 1), 25-O-acetyl-cimigenol xylopyranoside (2), 25-O-acetyl-cimigenol galactopyranoside (3), 7 beta-hydrocimigenol xylopyranoside (4).

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 is new and compound 4 was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Cimicifuga ; chemistry ; Galactosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Lanosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification