ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional studies were conducted to examine the relationship between NAFLD and the severity of CAD. CAD was diagnosed by coronary angiography and NAFLD by type-B ultrasound.ResultsThe logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension, NAFLD, diabetes, smoking, and high level of γ-glutamyltransferase were risk factors of multiplevessel lesions and occlusion of CAD( P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ) , and high levels of total cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase were risk factors of multiple-vessel lesions ( P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01 ) , family history was a risk factor of occlusion of CAD, whereas, high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was an important protective factor of multiple-vessel lesions and occlusion of CAD ( P＜0. 01 ). NAFLD was a dependent risk factor of multiple-vessel lesions and occlusion of CAD( P＜0.05 or P＜0. 01 ). ConclusionsNAFLD could be regarded as a main risk factor of the severity of CAD. Clinicians should pay more attention to the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in order to improve the outcome of CAD.

Objective To investigate the relation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)45T/G the adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes of Han nationality in Ningxia.Methods PCR-RFLP method was used to identify the distribution of alleles and genotypes frequencies of SNP45T/G polymorphisms in adiponectin gene in 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 101 normal subjects.Results The distribution of genotypes and alleles frequencies of the SNP45 polymorphisms were significantly different (GG genotype:13% vs 3%,P

Objective To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among adults in rural areas of Ningxia Hui autonomous region.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 639 adults enrolled with a multistage method from Jingyuan County.The MS was identified according to Chinese type 2 diabetes prevention guide (2013).Results Among all the subjects, 17.4% of them met the MS definition with the standardized prevalence of 14.7% after adjustment of sex and age.The prevalence and standardized rate of MS in men were 19.9% and 17.3%, and in women were 15.3% and 13.5%.The prevalence of MS in men was higher than that in women(P<0.001) and increased with aging in both genders.The prevalence and standardized rate of abdominal obesity,hyperglycemia,hypertension,high triglycerides,and low HDL-C were 19.5% and 16.7%, 15.0% and 12.9%, 42.0% and 37.1%, 25.8% and 23.1%, 28.5% and 27.7%,respectively.The rate of abdominal obesity was higher in women than in men (20.5% vs 18.2%, P=0.004), whereas the rate of hypertension, high triglycerides, and low HDL-C were higher in men than in women (all P<0.01).The prevalence of having one parameter of the MS was 68.4%.Conclusion The prevalence of MS is higher in rural areas of Ningxia Hui autonomous region, suggesting that a series of comprehensive prevention measures should be carried out to prevent and control the MS so as to improve the public health conditions in rural areas.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid dysfunction in southern mountainouss areas of Ningxia.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample of 10 639 adults in Jingyuan county with a population proportionate sampling method.High-resolution ultrasound was used to examine the thyroid and fasting blood specimens were collected in the morning for measurement of TSH,FT4,FT3.Chi-square test and spearman rank correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 29.08％,the sex-and age-adjusted rate was 27.17％.The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in women than in men (32.68％ vs.24.88％,x2=76.029 2,P＜0.001) and age was positively associated with thyroid nodules (r=0.272,P＜0.001).The rate of thyroid dysfunetion,subclinical hypothyroidism,subclinical hyperthyroidism,hypothyroidism,hyperthyroidism were 17.39％,13.00％,0.42％,0.96％,3.01％,respectively.The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in abnormal TSH group than in normal TSH group (39.44％ vs.27.24％,x2=95.624 0,P＜0.001).The level of THS,FT3,FT4 in thyroid nodules group differed fromn control group (Z=-9.144,P＜0.001;Z=-6.140,P＜0.001;Z=-1.997,P=0.046).Conclusion The prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid dysfunction were higher in southern mountainous areas of Ningxia.The relationship between thyroid nodules and thyroid function needs further research.We should pay attention to the early screening and diagnosis of thyroid nodules in mountainous areas.

Objective To investigate the prevalences of the obesity and hypertension in southern mountain regions of Ningxia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample of 10 639 adults using questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood pressure measurement in southern mountain areas with a population proportionate sampling method. Results The prevalences of overweight,obesity,central obesity,high percentage of body fat,and hypertension were 33.53%,10.71%,19.50%,27.69%,and 31.57% respectively, which were 30.31%,9.62%,16.70%,24.90%,and 27.61% after age-adjustment in rural areas of Ningxia,and increased with aging(Ptrend<0.05). The prevalences of overweight,obesity,and hypertension were higher in males than those in females(P<0.05),and that of central obesity was higher in females than in males(P=0.003).The prevalences of hypertension in subjects with overweight, obesity, central obesity, high percentage of body fat were 38. 14%, 53.75%,52.69%,and 48.90%,respectively. Body mass index,waist circumference,and percentage of body fat were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure(P<0.05). The multivariable logistic model revealed that the risk of hypertension in different types of obesity increased about 1.5 times. Conclusion There is high prevalence of obesity and hypertension among the adults in southern mountain areas of Ningxia. The prevalence of hypertension in obesity,central obesity,and high percentage of body fat is closed to or more than half of the population investigated.

Objective To investigate the correlation between iodine nutritional status and thyroid diseases in some areas of Ningxia. Methods The physical examination, questionnaire survey, and measurement of urine iodine, thyroid function, thyroid associated antibodies were performed, with thyroid ultrasonography in Jingyuan County, Xingqing District and Guyuan City, Ningxia Yinchuan City, totally including 2827 adults. Results The median urinary iodine of all subjects was 258. 7(76. 6-1506. 4) μg/L. The average level of urinary iodine in rural areas [203.3(64. 6-1154)μg/L] was lower than that in cities[340. 7(114. 8-1726. 1)μg/L, Z=19. 514, P>0. 01]. The average urinary iodine level was lower in people over 65 years old[234. 2(58. 9-2285. 4) μg/L, x2=6.449, P=0. 040]. Subjects in hypothyroidism group [232. 5(69. 2-1682. 3) μg/L] had the lowest average urinary iodine level, while hyperthyroidism group[331. 9(102. 4-1862) μg/L] turned to be the highest group( x2=15. 432, P>0. 01). Compared with the normal group, TPOAb and TGAb increased group had similar median levels of urinary iodine (P>0. 05). If compared with single nodule, multiple nodules group and the normal group's median levels of urinary iodine also had no significant difference(P>0. 05). Conclusion Iodine excess was found in the studied population in these areas of Ningxia.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk factors in Jingyuan county of Ningxia Autonomous Region.Methods The population proportionate sampling method was applied to enroll a representative sample of 10 639 adults in Jingyuan county and the study was conducted using questionnaires and physical examinations.A total of 10 553 people were included in the analysis after excluding those with missing data.High-resolution ultrasound was used to examine the liver and fasting blood was collected in the morning for measurement of blood glucose,blood lipid,and uric acid.The participants were divided into two groups of those with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;the difference in blood biochemical indexes between fatty liver and non-fatty liver groups was compared,and the logistic regression model was used to explore the risk factors affecting the prevalence of fatty liver.Results The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was 7.60％.The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in men than in women (8.60％ vs.6.82％,x2=1 1.772,P=0.001).The prevalence rate of fatty liver increased with age (x2=57.336,P＜0.001),the prevalence rates among ≥18 years-＜29 years,≥30 years-＜39 years,≥40years-＜49 years,≥50 years-＜59 years,≥60 years-＜69 years,and above 70 years were 2.92％,6.50％,8.81％,9.59％,8.08％,and 4.77％ respectively.The detection rate of overweight,obesity,abdominal obesity,impaired fasting glucose,impaired glucose tolerance,diabetes,hypertension,hyperuricemia,and dyslipidemia were higher in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease group than in the normal group (P＜0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease group had a higher risk for overweight,obesity,abdominal obesity,impaired fasting glucose,impaired glucose tolerance,diabetes,hypertension,hyperurcemia,and dyslipidemia (OR=5.41,12.45,2.99,1.85,2.05,3.30,1.41,2.23,and 1.98).Conclusion The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in Jingyuan county of Ningxia Autonomous Region was higher.The groups of overweight,obesity,abdominal obesity,impaired fasting glucose,impaired glucose tolerance,diabetes,hypertension,hyperuricemia,and dyslipidemia were high risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Jingyuan County in Ningxia. Methods A cross-sectional survey including 10 639 participants (18-88 years of age) with a multistage sampling was conducted in Jingyuan County between January, 2014 and April, 2015. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests were included in the survey. Results Among all the subjects, 10 491 participants (men: 4 826, women: 5 665) with complete data were included in the analysis. The standardized prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 4.2% (men: 3.9%, women: 4.5%) and 8.8% (men: 7.6%, women 10.3%), respectively, in which the standardized prevalence of diabetes was higher in Hui (4.5%) than that in Han (3.5%) (P<0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed that age, family history of diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension were positively associated with prediabetes and diabetes with the odds ratios being 1.60 and 2.14 (age, P<0.001), 1.40 and 3.32 (family history, P< 0.05), 1.47 and 1.57 (overweight/obesity, P< 0.001), 1.88 and 2.55 (hypertriglyceridemia, P<0.001), 1.44 and 1.89 (hypertension, P<0.001), respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetes was relatively low in the rural area in Ningxia. However, it is still essential to take active interventions in people at high risk of diabetes in order to prevent the incident diabetes.

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is the most common thyroid dysfunction, and its relationship with blood pressure (BP) has been controversial. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between SCH and newly-diagnosed hypertension. Methods: Based on data from the Thyroid disease, Iodine nutrition and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study, 49,433 euthyroid individuals and 7,719 SCH patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of hypertension or thyroid disease were excluded. SCH was determined by manufacturer reference range. Overall hypertension and stage 1 and 2 hypertension were diagnosed according to the guidelines issued by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association in 2017. Results: The prevalence of overall hypertension (48.7%), including stage 1 (28.9%) and 2 (19.8%) hypertension, increased significantly in SCH patients compared with euthyroid subjects. With elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, the hypertension prevalence also increased significantly from the euthyroid to different SCH subgroups, which was more profound in females or subjects aged <65 years. The age- and sex-specific regression analysis further demonstrated the same trends in the general population and in the 1:1 propensity matched population. Similarly, several BP components (i.e., systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP) were positively associated with TSH elevation, and regression analysis also confirmed that all BP components were closely related with SCH in female subjects aged <65 years. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension increases for patients with SCH. SCH tends to be associated with hypertension and BP components in females younger than 65 years.

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is the most common thyroid dysfunction, and its relationship with blood pressure (BP) has been controversial. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between SCH and newly-diagnosed hypertension. Methods: Based on data from the Thyroid disease, Iodine nutrition and Diabetes Epidemiology (TIDE) study, 49,433 euthyroid individuals and 7,719 SCH patients aged ≥18 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of hypertension or thyroid disease were excluded. SCH was determined by manufacturer reference range. Overall hypertension and stage 1 and 2 hypertension were diagnosed according to the guidelines issued by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association in 2017. Results: The prevalence of overall hypertension (48.7%), including stage 1 (28.9%) and 2 (19.8%) hypertension, increased significantly in SCH patients compared with euthyroid subjects. With elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, the hypertension prevalence also increased significantly from the euthyroid to different SCH subgroups, which was more profound in females or subjects aged <65 years. The age- and sex-specific regression analysis further demonstrated the same trends in the general population and in the 1:1 propensity matched population. Similarly, several BP components (i.e., systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP) were positively associated with TSH elevation, and regression analysis also confirmed that all BP components were closely related with SCH in female subjects aged <65 years. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension increases for patients with SCH. SCH tends to be associated with hypertension and BP components in females younger than 65 years.