PURPOSE:The purposes of this paper are to analyse the degree of language delay according to the classification and the etiology of mental retardation and to assess the efficacy of language treatment in children who received language treatment. METHODS:The number of the subjects for the research is 79. The subjects had been diagnosed as children of mental retardation after a language development test from the language treatment center of the Chungnam National University Hospital from January, 2003 to December, 2007. We gathered the data concerning their main complaints, their etiology of mental retardation, their results of a language development test and an intelligence test, and their results of language treatment. RESULTS:The results of our analysis to the data are as follows: The distribution of mental retardation classified as mild, moderate, and severe is 51.9% of the subjects, 27.9% and 20.2% each. The etiology of mental retardation is distributed as postnatal(20.3%), prenatal(13.9%), prenatal(5.1%), and idiopathic(60.7%). According to the classification of mental retardation, receptive, expressive, and synthetic language show a significant difference. There is no significant difference in the etiology of mental retardation in statistics. Among 28 children taken a language test after language treatment, 14 mild mental retarded children made their language delay to be shortened by 19.9 months, 10 moderate mental retarded children made their language delay to be shortened by 7.2 months, and 4 severe mental retarded children reduced their language delay by 1.3 month. CONCLUSION:The more severe mental retardation is, the longer language delay occurred. But there is no significant difference to language delay according to the etiology of mental retardation. After language treatment, mild mental retarded children show the remarkable shortening of language delay, while moderate and severe mental retarded children are slightly shortening. Therefore, it is thought that more active language treatment is needed to mild mental retarded children.
Child ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Intelligence Tests ; Language Development ; Language Development Disorders ; Language Tests

OBJECTIVE: To investigate speech development in monosyllables of Chinese 3-year old children, to explore the difficulties of these words in these children, and to provide a reference for rehabilitation of deaf and dumb children. METHOD: Speech material consists of 245 monosyllables in high and flat tone. 71 children between the ages of 2 year and 9 months to 3 year and 3 months (average 3 years) were involved in this investigation by oral imitation test. Proportions correct of every word were statistically analyzed. RESULT: The proportions correct of these words ranged from 0.26 to 1.00 (median= 0.92). There are significant differences among proportions correct of those words (P <0.01). CONCLUSION It should be considered that monosyllables are different in difficulty to Chinese 3 years old children by oral imitation test when selecting materials and criteria of speech test for rehabilitation of deaf and dumb children.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child Language ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Speech Discrimination Tests

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate correlations between values of articulation tests and language tests for children with articulation disorder in Korea. METHODS: Data of outpatients with chief complaint of an articulation problem were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP) with Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC), Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), or Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) simultaneously were identified. Patients whose word-level percentages of correct consonants in U-TAP (UTAP_wC) were more than 2 standard deviations below the mean as diagnostic criteria for articulation disorder were selected. Those whose receptive language age (P_RLA), expressive language age (P_ELA), or combined language age (P_CLA) in PRES was delayed more than 24 months compared to their chronological age in months as diagnostic criteria for language disorder were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-three children aged 3–6 years were enrolled retrospectively. PRES and U-TAP showed significant correlations for most of value relationships. PRES and APAC showed significant correlations for all value relationships except for receptive language age. All values of REVT were significantly correlated with all values from U-TAP, but not with any value from APAC. Articulation tests U-TAP and APAC showed significant correlations between percentages of correct consonants. Language tests PRES and REVT showed significant correlations for all value relationships. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that articulation abilities and language abilities might be correlated in children with articulation disorder.
Articulation Disorders ; Child ; Humans ; Korea ; Language ; Language Disorders ; Language Tests ; Outpatients ; Phonation ; Retrospective Studies ; Speech Articulation Tests ; Speech Disorders

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to test the predictive validity of developmental test for later intellectual development in young children with delayed language development. METHODS: The study subjects were 66 children who had presented delayed language development and had an initial developmental test and a follow-up intelligence test. The mean age at initial test was 34.2 months(17-48 months), and the mean age at the follow-up test was 55.0 months(40-79.5 months). RESULTS: According to CAT DQ(Cognitive Adaptive Test Developmental Quotient), 66 children were divided into 4 groups: group I(CAT DQ<50), group II(50-69), group III(70-84), and group IV(> = or85). There was a moderate correlation between CAT DQ and later total IQ in group I(r=0.58) and II(r= 0.50), but a low correlation in group III(r=0.19) and IV(r=-0.16). IQs in follow-up tests of all children in group I and II were lower than 70, except two children whose IQs were 75 and 78. IQs of children in group III were lower than 85 except for three children whose IQs were 89, 89, and 90, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that if DQ is lower than 70, the child is highly probable to be mentally subnormal in later years. Although the correlation between CAT DQ and later total IQ is low in children with DQs over 70, if a DQ is between 70 and 84, the child is very likely to have learning disability in later years.
Animals ; Cats ; Child* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intelligence Tests ; Language Development Disorders ; Language Development* ; Learning Disorders

PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify the safety of low-dose topiramate on language development in pediatric patients with migraine. METHODS: Thirty newly diagnosed pediatric patients with migraine who needed topiramate were enrolled and assessed twice with standard language tests, including the Test of Language Problem Solving Abilities (TOPs), Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test, Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology, and computerized speech laboratory analysis. Data were collected before treatment, and topiramate as monotherapy was sustained for at least 3 months. The mean follow-up period was 4.3±2.7 months. The mean topiramate dosage was 0.9 mg/kg/day. RESULTS: The patient's mean age was 144.1±42.3 months (male-to-female ratio, 9:21). The values of all the language parameters of the TOPs were not changed significantly after the topiramate treatment as follows: Determine cause, from 15.0±4.4 to 15.4±4.8 (P>0.05); making inference, from 17.6±5.6 to 17.5±6.6 (P>0.05); predicting, from 11.5±4.5 to 12.3±4.0 (P>0.05); and total TOPs score, from 44.1± 13.4 to 45.3±13.6 (P>0.05). The total mean length of utterance in words during the test decreased from 44.1±13.4 to 45.3±13.6 (P<0.05). The Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test results decreased from 97.7±22.1 to 96.3±19.9 months, and from 81.8±23.4 to 82.3±25.4 months, respectively (P>0.05). In the articulation and phonology validation in both groups, speech pitch and energy were not significant, and all the vowel test results showed no other significant values. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found in the language-speaking ability between the patients; however, the number of vocabularies used decreased. Therefore, topiramate should be used cautiously for children with migraine.
Child* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Language Development ; Language Tests ; Migraine Disorders* ; Problem Solving ; Vocabulary

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive dysfunction is common in people with schizophrenia, and language disability is one of the most notable cognitive deficits. This study assessed the use and comprehension ability of the Korean language in patients with schizophrenia and the correlations between language ability and cognitive function. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with schizophrenia and a group of 29 healthy controls were recruited. We assessed both clinical symptoms and cognitive functions including Korean language ability. For clinical symptoms, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale, and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale were used. For the Korean language ability assessment, a portion of the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) Korean Language Test was used. The Short-form of Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Korean version of the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Performance-based Skills Assessment (K-UPSA), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used to assess cognitive functions. RESULTS: Schizophrenic patients had significantly lower scores in the language and cognitive function tests both in the total and subscale scores. Various clinical scores had negative correlations with reading comprehension ability of the KBS Korean Language Test. The WCST and a part of the K-UPSA had positive correlations with multiple domains of the language test. CONCLUSION: A significant difference was found between schizophrenic patients and controls in language ability. Correlations between Korean language ability and several clinical symptoms and cognitive functions were demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia. Tests of cognitive function had positive correlations with different aspects of language ability.
Adult ; California ; Cognition ; Comprehension ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Language Tests ; Language* ; Schizophrenia* ; Wisconsin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical effeetiveness of prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation at different ages so as to provide reasonable expectations for the patients and guidance for the clinical treatment. METHOD: Electronic databases PubMed, YZ365. COM, WANFANG DATA, CMJD, CHKD, CNKI were searched using relevant keywords. Extracted data included author, year of publication, diagnosis, et al. Reported treatment outcomes were clustered into speech discrimination and hearing abilities. Meta-analyses were performed on studies with numerical results using random or fixed effects model. RESULT: There were eight randomized control studies including 442 patients. Comparing speech perception of prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation younger than three years old (experimental group) and 3-6 years old (control group), three and six months after operation showed that experimental group performed significantly worse than control group; 12 months after operation showed that experimental group performed significantly better than control group. Comparing hearing abilities, three and six months after operation showed that experimental group performed significantly worse than control group; 12 months after operation showed showed that experimental group performed significantly better than control group. Comparing speech perception of younger or older than 4. 5 years old children showed that after 1.5-2 years of operation children implanted younger than 4.5 years of age performed significantly better than children implanted older than 4.5 years old. Comparing speech perception of 7-12 years old children showed that after 3, 6, 12 months of operation patients of 7-12 years old performed significantly better than those children older than 12 years old. Comparing speech perception of implantation younger or older than 18 years old (7-14 yeas old was group A, > 14-18 yeas old was group B, older than 18 yeas old was group C) showed that after one and four years of operation A > B > C, and there were significant differences among them. Comparing warble tone threshold average (WTA) showed that after one year of operation A < B < C, and there were significant differences among them. However, after four years of operation, there was no significant difference among them. CONCLUSION Prelinguistically deafened patients younger than three years old with cochlear implantation, insisting on scienctific rehabilitation training for a long period of time can receive the optimal recovery effect. The older patients are suggested as early as possible receiving cochlear implantation. The longer they are implanted, the better results they will receive. Moreover, the younger age they are implanted, the faster postoperative language progress they will receive. Further controlled studies with longer follow-up periods and more person included may make the effectiveness of cochlear implantaion more reliable.
Adolescent ; Child ; Cochlea ; Cochlear Implantation ; Deafness ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Speech Perception ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: High-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves pragmatic impairment of language skills. Among numerous tasks for assessing pragmatic linguistic skills, idioms are important to evaluating high-functioning ASD. Nevertheless, no assessment tool has been developed with specific consideration of Korean culture. Therefore, we designed the Korean Autism Social Language Task (KASLAT) to test idiom comprehension in ASD. The aim of the current study was to introduce this novel psychological tool and evaluate idiom comprehension deficits in high-functioning ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants included 42 children, ages 6-11 years, who visited our child psychiatric clinic between April 2014 and May 2015. The ASD group comprised 16 children; the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group consisted of 16 children. An additional 10 normal control children who had not been diagnosed with either disorder participated in this study. Idiom comprehension ability was assessed in these three groups using the KASLAT. RESULTS: Both ASD and ADHD groups had significantly lower scores on the matched and mismatched tasks, compared to the normal control children (matched tasks mean score: ASD 11.56, ADHD 11.56, normal control 14.30; mismatched tasks mean score: ASD 6.50, ADHD 4.31, normal control 11.30). However, no significant differences were found in scores of KASLAT between the ADHD and ASD groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that children with ASD exhibit greater impairment in idiom comprehension, compared to normal control children. The KASLAT may be useful in evaluating idiom comprehension ability.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology ; Child ; *Comprehension ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology ; Language Disorders/*psychology ; Language Tests/*standards ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results

PURPOSE: It is well known that expressive language impairment is commonly less severe than receptive language impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, this result is based on experiments in Western countries with Western language scales. This study tries to find whether the result above is applicable for toddlers in a non-Western country; more specifically, in Korea with non-Western language scales. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 166 toddlers aged between 20 months and 50 months who visited the clinic from December 2010 to January 2013. The number of toddlers diagnosed as ASD and developmental language delay (DLD) was 103 and 63, respectively. Language development level was assessed using Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), a Korean language scale. Using SELSI, each group was divided into 3 sub-groups. Moreover, the group difference by age was observed by dividing them into three age groups. Chi-square test and linear-by-linear association was used for analysis. RESULTS: Receptive language ability of the DLD group was superior to that of the ASD group in all age groups. However, expressive language ability in both groups showed no difference in all age groups. A greater proportion of expressive dominant type was found in ASD. The 20-29 months group in ASD showed the largest proportion of expressive language dominant type in the three age groups, suggesting that the younger the ASD toddler is, the more severe the receptive language impairment is. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that receptive-expressive language characteristics in ASD at earlier age could be useful in the early detection of ASD.
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/*complications ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities/*complications ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Language ; *Language Development ; Language Development Disorders/complications/*diagnosis ; Language Tests ; Male ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: Speech and language development is an useful indicator of the overall development of children. Since speech and language delay can lead to emotional, social, and learning problems, the early intervention is very important. We examined 137 children with speech or language problems including 22 children of functional articulation disorders of their clinical features. METHODS: 137 children with speech or language problems in the Department of Pediatrics, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital from January 2004 to December 2007 were reviewed for sex, age, developmental and language test findings retrospectively. Especially, in 22 children diagnosed with functional articulation disorders, articulation test findings were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) The mean age of 137 children was 46.8 months, the ratio of male to female was 2.5:1, and the most frequent age group was 24-35 months. The chief complaints included language delay(67.2%), mispronouncing speech sound(27%), stuttering(3.6%), learning disability(2.2%). The diagnoses of them were developmental language disorder(70.8%), functional articulation disorders(16.1%), mental retardation(5.8%), stuttering(2.9%), tongue tie(0.7%), normal language pattern(3.6%). 2) The mean age of 22 patients with functional articulation disorders was 63 months, the ratio of male to female was 1.4:1, and the most frequent age group was 60-71 months. The mean percentage of consonant correct of Picture Consonant Articulation Test was higher in older age group. In the types of phonetic errors substitutions were most common. Distortions, omissions, and additions were followed in the order of frequency. Substitutions and distortions were common in word initial and medial but omissions in word final. It is appeared that the patients had the difficulties in pronouncing alveolar fricative, palatal affricate, liquid, and velar plosive which mature lately in older children. Mainly palatal affricate, alveolar fricative, and velar plosive were substituted for alveolar plosive and the liquid and alveolar fricative were distorted as gliding. CONCLUSION: Categorizing the cause of language and speech delay is essential to make an adequate treatment plans and decrease the late complications. The future studies for the early screening, more suitable tests in Korean, treatment guidelines or prognosis are needed.
Articulation Disorders ; Child ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Female ; Humans ; Language Development ; Language Development Disorders ; Language Tests ; Learning ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tongue