Categorical perception (CP) is the unique phenomenon that gradually morphed physical feature in a stimulus continuum tends to be perceived as discrete representations. CP has been evidenced in several modalities in the sensor perception. The first study of CP of phonetic perception was performed in 1957. However, the early CP studies focused on segmental features. The first study of CP of pitch contours was performed until 1976. This article will review the results of previous studies focus on the categorical perception applies to the lexical tone perception.
Humans ; Language ; Phonetics ; Speech Perception

TCM viscera-state theory is an important component of TCM basal theories, accurate English translation of viscera-state terminology is directly related with correct and comprehensive understanding of overseas scholars for TCM visceral functional activities. In the past 30 years, TCM propagation in overseas makes the translation level has increase of a quite degree, but English translation of viscera-state terminology still has some problems to be discussed and improved. In the present paper, the author gives examples to illustrate some problems in English translation of viscera-state terminology and puts forward own opinions to improve the translation from changes of ancient and today terms, textual research of visceral functions and investigation of clinical diseases and syndromes, etc..
Language ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Terminology as Topic ; Translating

OBJECTIVETo investigate the physical characteristic of Chinese Mandarin Monosyllabic word phonemes by the time-frequency analysis.

METHODSManufactured and study the three-dimensional speech chart which was on the basic of information of the time-frequency analysis in 40 monosyllabic words with the SigmaPlot 9.0 and Matlab 7.0 software.

RESULTSThe mean value of basic frequency in 40 monosyllabic words was between 220 to 320 Hz area, and the mean value of four groups has significant difference by t-test. It is indicated by time-frequency analysis that the characteristics vary according to the tone of monosyllabic words. With the change of time, the various frequencies and its intensity of tone first remain basically unchanged, the curve is horizontal type; the different frequencies of tone second gradually tend to high-frequency direction, the graph is upward-type, additionally, the intensity of some tone drops little; the divers frequencies of tone third firstly deflect to low-frequency areas, then increasingly deviate to high-frequency direction of bias after maintaining a period of time, the figure is v-type, intensity changes are concave-shaped; The various frequencies of tone fourth deviate from high-frequency to low-frequency areas, and its intensity drops sharply, the graph is decreased type.

CONCLUSIONThrough time-frequency analysis and three-dimensional speech chart observation, we consider that the physical characteristic of Chinese Mandarin Monosyllabic word phonemes mainly reflects the frequencies and intensity change with time.

This paper strongly rejects the notion that the use of biomedical terms to represent traditional Chinese medical concepts is helpful to the internationalization of Chinese medicine. It further argues that this practice destroys the integrity and independence of Chinese medical concepts. Taking the term fēng huo yan as an example, it shows that the biomedical term "acute conjunctivitis" often suggested as the translation for this term is unsatisfactory, because (1) the clinical reference is not identical, (2) it introduces the concepts of "conjunctiva" and "inflammation" , which are not Chinese medical concepts, and (3) destroys the Chinese medical concepts "wind" and "fire" expressed in the Chinese, which reflect the way the disease is traditionally diagnosed and treated. While for English readers not familiar with Chinese medicine, "acute conjunctivitis" may be immediately intelligible, for those seeking a deep understanding of the subject, the literal translation (loan translation) "wind-fire eye" is much more helpful. This paper supports these arguments with numerous other examples.
Humans ; Language ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Terminology as Topic ; Translating ; Western World

Audiometry, Speech ; Humans ; Language

“Following the child’s lead” and “collaborative consultation with parents” are solidly grounded in the best practice of early language intervention. However, the success of these two practices are based on assumptions that they are valued by families and that they can be feasibly implemented by the attending speech-language pathologist (SLP). Such assumptions can be unjustified in cultures that value the use of “adult-guided instructions” over following the child’s lead and when the work setting of the SLP does not readily accommodate those practices. This article takes the form of a position paper. Through review of the literature, the paper (1) identifies the research-cultural practice gap in early language intervention in Malaysia; (2) positions the two research-informed practices – following the child’s lead and collaborative consultation with parents, on the continuum of intrusiveness in early language intervention; and (3) proposes the techniques of Milieu Teaching as an approach to bridge the research-cultural practice gap in Malaysia.
Speech-Language Pathology

The Indian ethnic group remains underrepresented despite the continued advancement in the field of speech and language therapy (SLT) in Malaysia. This study aims to investigate the perception of Malaysian Indian Pre-university students towards a career in the health sciences and specifically for the SLT profession. This was a cross-sectional study that employed convinience sampling method to recruit participants. A total of 110 Indian pre-university students from urban cities of Kuala Lumpur and Johor were recruited. The findings showed majority of the respondents (>90%) placed importance on a career that provided “high salary,” “job stability,” and “career’s social standing in the community.” Almost all respondents recognize the medical, pharmacy and nursing profesion compared to only <3% who were familiar with the occupational therapy, audiology and SLT profession. Respondents perceived the SLT profession as “suited for females,” “interesting” and provided “opportunities to meet people.” None of the respondents perceived SLT as a profession that “suited for males,” “high salary” and “a scientic course.” Only 5% of respondents would consider a career in SLT. Findings from this study can be used to increase awareness and to change inaccurate perceptions regarding health science profession especially SLT amongst the Indian ethnicity.
Language Therapy ; Speech Therapy

Background: The use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework is advocated in Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) clinical practice. As using the ICF leads to improved quality of life in relation to communication and swallowing compared to the medical model, SLP practitioners are encouraged to adopt the ICF framework in their practice. However, there is a lack of ICF-related literature in the Philippines that can serve as a guide for SLP practitioners. Objectives: The study aimed to identify and describe available international literature and extract key ideas that can serve as a guide for SLP practitioners as they adopt ICF into their practice. Methodology: The York Framework for scoping reviews was utilized. The review consisted of five stages: (1) identifying research questions, (2) identifying relevant literature, (3) identifying eligible literature, (4) data charting, and (5) summarizing and extracting themes. Results: The majority of the articles collated were research studies from developed countries. The ICF was applied equally across all age groups and focused on activities and participation rather than health conditions. Thematic analysis showed that ICF was applied in assessment, intervention, and health care service delivery. Conclusion Gaps exist in using ICF-based tools in the SLP clinical practice and in the social understanding of the ICF. SLP practitioners are encouraged to learn and adapt the identified ICF-related themes in their practice as it facilitates a holistic understanding of their patient's functioning, disability, and evidence-based clinical decisions, thus, contributing to effective diagnostic and therapeutic processes.
Speech-Language Pathology ; Health

Purpose: The field of speech-language pathology (SLP) is a young profession in the Philippines compared and relative to the other health sciences in the country. The emergence of this profession is marked by the milestones laid by the development of the first speech pathology education and training program at the University of the Philippines (UP); the establishment of its national professional organization, the Philippine Association of Speech Pathologists (PASP); and the enactment of RA 11249 or the Speech Language Pathology Act, which created the Professional Regulatory Board for Speech-Language Pathology (PRB-SLP) under the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). This article looks back at these early beginnings, focuses at the current status of the profession, and provides perspectives for its growth moving forward. Specifically, this article provides an overview of the education and training, professional organization, and local practice of Filipino SLPs. Some emerging issues about the local practice and research gaps are also discussed. Conclusions The SLP profession in the Philippines has come a long way in developing education and training programs, expanding its national professional organization, and obtaining regulation of the practice of this profession under the law. However, there is still much work to be done to ensure its growth and further its development as a health science. Among these, strengthening the body of research to respond to the evolving needs and distinct landscape of local practice could further the growth of SLP in the Philippines.
Speech-Language Pathology ; Philippines

BACKGROUND: Standardization of medical terminology is essential for data transmission between health-care institutions or clinical laboratories and for maximizing the benefits of information technology. Purpose of our study was to standardize the medical terms used in the clinical laboratory, such as test names, units, terms used in result descriptions, etc. During the first year of the study, we developed a standard database of concept names for laboratory terms, which covered the terms used in government health care centers, their branch offices, and primary health care units. METHODS: Laboratory terms were collected from the electronic data interchange (EDI) codes from National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) database, community health centers and their branch offices, and clinical laboratories of representative university medical centers. For standard expression, we referred to the English-Korean/ Korean-English medical dictionary of Korean Medical Association and the rules for foreign language translation. Programs for mapping between LOINC DB and EDI code and for translating English to Korean were developed. RESULTS: A Korean standard laboratory terminology database containing six axial concept names such as components, property, time aspect, system (specimen), scale type, and method type was established for 7,508 test observations. Short names and a mapping table for EDI codes and Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) were added. Synonym tables for concept names, words used in the database, and six axial terms were prepared to make it easier to find the standard terminology with common terms used in the field of laboratory medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Here we report for the first time a Korean standard laboratory terminology database for test names, result description terms, result units covering most laboratory tests in primary healthcare centers.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*classification/standards ; Databases, Factual ; Korea ; Language ; *Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes ; Terminology as Topic ; *Unified Medical Language System