Objective To investigate the relationship between the average amplitude of swallowing-related muscles during pharyngeal swallowing and age and swallow model of healthy adults in different age groups.Methods A total of 200 healthy adults were recruited and divided into 4 age groups:group A (18 ～ 30 years old,n =59),group B (30～50 years old,n=50),group C (50 ～70 years old,n=49) and group D (70 years old,n=40).Surface electromyography was used to acquired the average amplitude of electrical activity of the muscles during three swallow models:resting state,voluntary single swallows of saliva (dry swallowing),voluntary single swallows of 5 ml water at once(wet swallowing)and voluntary single swallows 20 ml water at once.The mean value of the average amplitude of normal adults of different ages were calculated and analyzed.Results ①Intergroup comparison showed no difference in the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles among the 4 age groups (P ＞ 0.05) in all the three swallowing models ;②Intra-group comparison showed that,there were no statistical differences in the average amplitude of submental muscles among the three swallow models between groups A and B (P ＞ 0.05).In group C,there were no statistical differences between dry swallowing and wet swallowing of 5 ml of water in terms of the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles during dry swallowing.(P ＞ 0.05),however,but there existed statistical differences in terms of the average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles,when comparing dry swallowing with voluntary single swallowing 20 ml water at once(P ＜ 0.05).The average amplitude of submental muscles and infrahyoid muscles during swallowing of 20 ml water were significantly higher than that during wet swallowing(P ＜0.05).In group D,there was no difference between drying swallow and wet swallowing(P ＞ 0.05)in terms of the mean sEMG amplitude of the muscles,but all lower than swallowing 20 ml of water,with a statistically significant differences(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The sEMG amplitude in swallowing-related muscles during pharyngeal swallowing is not related to age,but swallowing models.

Extraction-spectrophotometric method for determination of lomefloxacin is proposed.The ion pairs complex of lomefloxacin with brornocresol green (BMG) can be extracted into CHCI3 at pH 3.6 and has absorption maximum at 415nm.The calibrationgraphs generated was linear over the range of 1～15mg/L drug in solution (r=0.9997).ε=2.5×104L·mol-1·cm-1.The detection limit is 0.014mg/L.The recovery of method is 98.9%～101.6%.The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of lomefloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations.

Objective:To investigate the effects of monotherapy of SSRI and SSRI with psychotherapy on patients of somatoform disorders.Methods:96 patients who met the criteria of CCMD-3 for somatoform disorders were divided into three groups:group one taking Fluoxetine only;group two taking Fluoxetine and a small dose of Olanzapine;group three combining the above two medicines with Gestalt psychotherapy.Before treatment and after three months' treatment,the effects of each group were evaluated by scores of HAMD.Results:According to the effective rate within each group(53.1%、61.8% and 96.7%),there was significantly differences in three groups after three months treatment(?2=15.5,P

Objective To evaluate the effect of simpler and chemotherapeutic renal artery embolizations in the treatment of renal carcinoma preoperatively Methods 19 patients including simpler renal artery embolizaiton group( n =8) and chemotherapeutic renal artery embolization group( n =11) were retrospectively studied. The surgical procedures were recorded and pathology sections were observed for all the patients. Results All the preoperative embolization were achieved successfully. We found vessels obliteration of the renal carcinoma in the operation. In pathology, the tumor had clear border with the necrosis. Conclusions Preoperative renal artery embolization could decrease the risk in operation, and had positive effects on the prognosis of these patients.

AIM:To observe the effect of preconditioning with pioglitazone on ischemia reperfusion/hypoxia reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial ultramicro-structure and membrane potential in rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated (SO) group, ischemia reperfusion (IR) group, pioglitazone preconditioning group (Pio-P) and 5-HD+pioglitazone (5-HD+Pio) group. Apart from the SO group, IR, Pio-P and 5-HD+Pio groups were subjected to 30 min ischemia and 4 h reperfusion. The heart was quickly removed for observing the structure of mitochondria and measurement of the apoptosis index (AI) by TUNEL. Primary cultured cardiomyocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, hypoxic reoxygenation (HR) and different concentrations of Pio-P group. JC-1 staining flowcytometry was adopted to examine mitochondrial membrane potential (?m). RESULTS: The injury of mitochondrial structure in IR group was severer than that in Pio-P group, while the difference between 5-HD+Pio group and IR group was not evident. Flameng score in Pio-P group(1.62?0.60) was significantly lower than that in IR group (2.75?1.09), P0.05). CONCLUSION: Pioglitazone protects the heart from ischemia reperfusion/ hypoxia reoxygenation injury evidenced by improving mitochondrial ultrastructure and lessening the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreasing apoptosis. The cardioprotective effects can be inhibited by the blocker of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Objective To study the clinic features and risk factors of bladder cancer occurrence after radical nephroureterectomy of urothelial carcinoma of the upper tract.Methods 61 cases of urothelial carcinoma of the upper tract from March 2013 to December 2013 in Beijing Friendship Hospital are retrospectively studied.31 patients are male,while the other 30 patients are female.Age of them ranges from 43 to 90 years old,and the average age is 69 years old.17 patients are accompanied with diabetes.32 patients are accompanied with hypertension.12 patients have the history of chronic nephrosis.7 patients have the history of renal transplation operation.47 patients have the symptom of hematuresis.16 patients have the symptom of lumbago.Body mass index ＜ 18.5 kg/m2 2 cases,18.5 ～ 22.9 kg/m2 25 cases,23.0 ～ 24.9 kg/m2 10 cases,25.0 ～ 29.9 kg/m2 20 cases,≥ 30.0 kg/m2 4 cases.25 patients' serum creatinine is abnormal,while the other 36 patients'is normal.36 patients have left tumors,while the other 25 patients have right tumors.39 patients have hydronephrosis before operation.25 patients go through ureteroscopy.11 patients have the concurrence of bladder cancer preoperatively.25 patients have renal pelvic carcinoma,while the other 36 patients have carcinoma of ureter.14 patients have multiple tumors,while the other 47 patients just have single tumors.The size of tumor ranges from 0.5cm to 8.0cm,and the average size is 2.9cm.27 patients have the cauliflower-like tumors,while the other 34 patients have other shaped tumors.28 cases have the positive results of cytology,while the other 33 cases donl have.6 patients go through cystoscopic operation of ureterovesical junction,while the other 55 patients go through open operation of ureterovesical junction.Kaplan Meier analysis is used to find univariate risk factors of the bladder cancer occurrence postoperatively,and Log-rank test is used after that.Cox regression analysis is used to identify the independent risk factor from all the univariate risk factors.Results Time of surgery ranges from 2.0 hours to 7.5 hours,and the average time is (4.9 ± 1.2) hours.39 patients' tumors are equal or greater than T2 stage,while the other 22 patients'tumors are less than T2 stage.2 patients have Ⅰ grade tumors,40 patients have Ⅱ grade tumors,and the other 19 patients have Ⅲ grade tumors.12 patients go through systematic chemotherapy,while the other 49 patients don l.23 patients go through intravesical instillation postoperatively,while the other 38 donl.Follow-up time of 61 cases ranges from 22 months to 31 months,and the average time is (27.3 ± 2.7) months.3 to 30 months after radical nephroureterectomy,21 cases(34.4％) have bladder cancer occurrence.4 of patients who have concurrence of bladder cancer preoperatively go through the occurrence of bladder cancer(57.1％,4/7),and 17 of patients who dont have concurrence of bladder cancer preoperatively go through the occurrence of bladder cancer(3 1.5％,17/54).8 of patients with multiple tumors go through the occurrence of bladder cancer(57.1％,4/7),while 13 of patients with a single tumor go through the occurrence of bladder cancer(27.7％,13/47).18 of patients who have tumors equal or greater than T2 stage have the occurrence of bladder cancer(46.2％,18/39),while 3 of patients who have tumors less than T2 stage have the occurrence of bladder cancer(13.6％,3/ 22).3 of patients with postoperative intravesical instillation have the occurrence of bladder cancer(13.0％,3/23),while 18 of patients without postoperative intravesical instillation have the occurrence of bladder cancer(47.4％,18/38).Single factor analysis shows that preoperative concurrence of bladder cancer(P =0.003),multiple tumors (P =0.044),T stage (P =0.023) and postoperative intravesical instillation (P =0.002) have significant influence on the occurrence of bladder cancer.And Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis shows that the preoperative concurrence of bladder cancer (RR =2.860,P =0.024,regression coefficient =1.051) and postoperative intravesical instillation (RR =0.201,P =0.011,regression coefficient =-1.065) are significantly related to the occurrence of bladder cancer after radical nephroureterectomy.Conclusions The preoperative concurrence of bladder cancer and postoperative intravesical instillation are the independent risk factors of the bladder cancer occurrence after radical nephroureterectomy.And the preoperative concurrence of bladder cancer is a risk factor,while the postoperative intravesical instillation is a protective factor.

AIM: As a human basement membrane-derived inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth, canstatin has been paid great attention since it was isolated and identified in 2000. Canstatin significantly inhibited human endothelial cell migration and proliferation and induced apoptosis, suggesting that it might be a powerful and potential therapeutic molecule for atherosclerosis,unstable angina and tumor.

Objective To study the pathologic characteristics of eutopic endometrium in patients with endometriosis.Methods Pathologic characteristics of eutopic endometrium were studied in 176 patients with endometriosis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2007 to December 2008 retrospectively.Results About 72.2％(127/176)of eutopic endometrium were in proliferative phase,19.9％(35/176)of were observed as endometrial polyp,including 32 cases with simple endometrial polyp and 3 cases with abnormal hyperplasia combined with endometrial polyp.And 4.0％(7/176)showed abnormal hyperplasia.The incidence of pathologic changes in eutopic endometrium was 22.2％(39/176).Among 53 endometriosis patients combined with infertility,the incidence of pathologic changes of eutopic endometrium was 35.9％(19/53),which was significantly higher than 16.3％ in non-infertile patients (x2 =8.24,P =0.004).Among 65 cases with irregular menstruation,the incidence of endometrial polypus and endometrial hyperplasia were 20.0％(13/65)and 10.8％(7/65),which were significantly higher than 17.1％(19/111)and 0 in normal menstruation patients(x2 =13.839,P =0.003).Conclusions The eutopic endometrium of endometriosis were in proliferative phase state.The pathologic changes of eutopic endometrium were more in patients combined with infertility and irregular menstruation.

Seven cases of renal tumor treated at our hospital from May 2009 to November 2011 were assigned to undergo laparoscopic ultrasonography assisted laparoscopic partial nephreetomy.The mean operative duration was 109 minutes (range:102-121).And the mean volume of blood loss was 82 ml (range:60-120).All patients had confirmed negative margins.Renal clear cell carcinoma was definitely diagnosed in all cases.Laparoscopic ultrasonography could provide more precise information of renal tumor within renal capsule.Thus it may be used to guide the operation so that tumors are excised more completely,residual tumor tissues avoided and normal renal tissues protected.

Objective To evaluate mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in treating superior segmental ureteral calculi. Methods Two Hundred and thirty-six patients underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy with holmium laser for superior segmental ureteral calculi from May 2005 to May 2008, 133 male and 103 female. Their age ranged from 17 to 76 years old with a mean of 47. 2 years. Of the 236 patients,141 compli-cated with calculi in the left side and 88 cases in the right side,7 in the both sides. The calculi diameter ranged from 0. 7 cm to 2.2 cm and the mean diameter was 1.4 cm. One hundred and ninety-three patients had undergone ESWL from 1～6 times. Results Of the 236 patients,217 were rendered stone-free at 1 pro-cedure. Residual calculi were found in 12 cases after operation and drugs were used for treatment. The resid-ual calculi were removed after 1 month. Seven cases with residual calculi were treated by ESWL and the cal-culi were removed. The total stone clearance was 91.9%. The mean operation time was 31.3 min(rang from 19～52 min), and the mean hospital stay was 9.5 days(rang from 6 to 12 days). The main complications following operation included: durative hematuria in 25 cases relieved by haemostasis and diuresis treatment within 24 to 48 hours,pnstoperative fever in 141 cases within 24 hours of which 103 were relieved by antiin-flammatory and fluid replacement treatment within 24 to 48 hours. Thirty-eight cases were relieved by anti-inflammatory treatwent depending on urine culture results within 3 to 7 days. The postoperative pain in all patients was light. Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy with holmium laser under ultrasound guidance is simple,safe and effective in treating proximal ureteral calculi.