Objective To investigate the effect of donepezil hydrochloride on the expression of Calpain Ⅰ-Cdk5/p25 pathway in the hippocampal CA1 area by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice.Methods Mice were divided into model group,sham-operated group and donepezil-treated group.The expression of Calpain Ⅰ in hippocampal CA1 area was measured by immunohistochemistry staining respectively at 4,6 and 8 weeks post cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.Western blot was used to evaluate Cdk5 and p25 protein expression.Results The abilities of learning and memory performance was damaged significantly at 4,6 and 8 weeks after surgery compared to sham-operated group (P＜ 0.05).The expression of Calpain Ⅰ of model group were (0.098 ± 0.009),(0.129 ±0.01),(0.116 ± 0.01),which were higher than that of sham-operated group (0.03 ± 0.003),(0.031 ± 0.003),(0.029 ±0.003) and there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of Cdk5 in model group was (0.54 ± 0.05),(0.73 ± 0.07),(0.7 ± 0.06),which were higher than that of sham-operated group (0.23 ±0.02),(0.31 ± 0.02),(0.33 ± 0.02) and there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of p25 in model group was (0.44 ± 0.04),(0.51 ± 0.04),(0.55 ± 0.06),which were higher than that of sham-operated group(0.19 ± 0.02),(0.24 ± 0.02),(0.2 ± 0.02) and there was significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of Calpain Ⅰ of donepezil-treated group was (0.041 ± 0.004),(0.054 ± 0.004),(0.046 ± 0.003),which were lower than that of model group.The expression of Cdk5 was (0.28 ± 0.02),(0.33 ± 0.03),(0.38 ± 0.02),and expression of p25 was (0.26 ± 0.02),(0.25 ± 0.03),(0.21 ± 0.02),which were lower than that of model group respectively(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Donepezil hydrochloride probably improve the learning and memory abilities by reducing the expression of Calpain Ⅰ and Cdk5/p25.

The papor made a classification and summary on content and pattern of digitizing researches on chinese ancient medical books in mainland China, highlighted the major achievements and put forward a few issues to be solved.

BACKGROUND:Radiation-induced brain injury has recently become an increasing area of research, in particular in animal experimental studies. Domestic and international researches show that there have been no uniform scanning parameters used for examination of animal models of radiation-induced brain injury by magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, we performed magnetic resonance imaging in rabbits to determine related sequence parameters. OBJECTIVE:To establish the New Zealand rabbit models of radiation-induced brain injury, and obtain the brain magnetic resonance images of rabbits using LOOP7 coil, so as to provide experimental evidence for diagnosis of radiation-induced brain injury by magenetic resonance imaging. METHODS:Each of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility-weighted imaging were performed several times through the use of LOOP7 coil, to determine the optimal scanning parameters for each sequence. Rabbit models of radiation-induced brain injury were established and then their right hemispheres were irradiated using 6 MV X-rays at a single dose of 40, 80 and 120 Gy. The daily performance and dynamic magnetic resonance signs of rabbits were observed. The brain tissue was taken for pathological examination once abnormal magnetic resonance findings were observed or after 20 weeks of folow-up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Only one rabbit model in the 40 Gy group had subdural hemorrhage. In the 80 Gy group, abnormal T2-weight imaging signals were observed in al rabbit models, which were pathologicaly confirmed as scattered degenerated neurons and infiltrated neutrophils. The abnormal signals that gradualy expanded over time were seen in rabbits from the 120 Gy group by magnetic resonance imaging and were pathologicaly confirmed as radiation-induced brain injury loci. The results confirm that establishing rat models of radiation-induced brain injury using radiation therapy system can better simulate the pathological process of radiation-induced brain injury; moreover, this model can be applied to receive routine magnetic resonance examination with LOOP7 coil.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris.Methods From January to June 2013,a total of 43 patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris were treated by 5 aminolaevulinic acid based PDT with red light.All patients were received three times of treatment at 2-week intervals.Clinical assessment was conducted before and at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks after treatment.Results The lesion counts of both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions were reduced significantly after treatment.The mean percentage reduction in inflammatory lesions was 88.9 ％ at 8 weeks after the treatment,meanwhile that in non-inflammatory lesions was 73.4％.After 8 weeks of treatment,55.8％ patients (24/43)showed clinical cure,and 41.9％ patients (18/43)showed excellent response and 2.3％ patient (1/43) showed good response.Only 4.7％ patients (2/43)showed signs of recurrence after 4 months after ALA-PDT.After one course of ALA-PDT,the symptoms in this recurrent case were significant improvement.The common adverse effects included pain,edema and transient hyperpigmentation.They could gradually disappear without a need of special intervention.Conclusions ALA-PDT is a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast carcinosarcoma with osteosarcoma components and its differential diagnosis. Methods The pathologic features and clinical manifestations of the two patients were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the literature was reviewed. Results Histopathologically, the neoplasm consisted of invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type and poorly ( case 1 ) or well (case 2) differentiated osteosarcomatoid elements. The morphological transition from carcinoma to sarcomatoid elements was seen. Immunohistochemically,the carcinoma cells were positive for CK and EMA , the sarcomatoid elements were stained positive for vimentin, and a few cells of two elements were positive for S-100 protein. Ki-67 and VEGF were over expressed in both elements of Case 1.In case2 Ki-67 expression was low in both elements and VEGF over expression was only seen in sarcomatoid elements. Some of the carcinoma cells were positive for ER. Conclusions Carcinosarcoma of the breast with osteosarcomatoid elements is a rare type of mixed epithelial/mesenchymal metaplastic breast carcinoma. The types and proportion of carcinoma and sarcomatoid elements determine the diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The fracture of femoral neck in adults is very common. Most of them can be cured by operation or conservative treatment, but a few can develop into old fracture. At present, there is no clear and effective treatment for old fracture of femoral neck in adults. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of sartorius pedicle iliac bone flap combined with proximal femoral locking plate in the treatment of old femoral neck fracture in adults. METHODS: Twelve adult patients with old femoral neck fracture were treated with sartorius pedicle iliac bone flap combined with proximal femoral locking plate, 9 males and 3 females, aged 18-47 years, with an average age of 33. 5 years. Garden classification: Type I in 0 cases, type II in 1 case, type III in 7 cases, and type IV in 4 cases. All of them were incised by Smith Petersen (S-P) approach. The 2/3 sartorius pedicle iliac bone flap of the anterior superior iliac spine was chiseled with a bone knife, about 4. 0 cm×1. 0 cm×1. 0 cm in size. After reduction, the proximal femur was fixed with steel plate and screw. Finally, the sartorius pedicle iliac bone flap was implanted into the defect of the femoral neck and fixed. At 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the operation, X-ray films were reexamined to evaluate the fracture healing and Harris score of hip joint was used to evaluate the recovery of hip joint function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Twelve patients were followed up for at least 24 months. (2) Harris scores of hip were significantly higher at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery (54. 4±6. 4, 68. 7±6. 8, 82. 3±4. 2, 90. 3±4. 6) than those before surgery (46. 3±6. 1) (P < 0. 05). (3) There were no complications, such as wound nonunion, infection, or venous thrombosis. Finally, 11 patients finally achieved bony healing at the fracture site. One patient had nonunion at 28 months postoperatively with avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ARCO stage IV), followed by artificial hip replacement. Harris score before operation was 38, and Harris score at 3 months postoperatively was 98. (4) The results show that the combination of sartorius pedicle iliac bone flap and proximal femoral locking plate is a good method for the treatment of old femoral neck fracture in adults, with high healing rate and low necrosis rate of femoral head.

As the dominant antigens, early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT6, E6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10, C10) had once been the focus of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine due to their capability of inducing strong cell immune response in the host. They are also endowed with promising future of prevention against and diagnosis of TB. In this review, we systematically introduce recent research progress of E6 and C10, especially in structure-function, biological characteristics, protein expression and secretion, host immunity and vaccine development, and the prospects of their application are also discussed.
Antigens, Bacterial ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Bacterial Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunodominant Epitopes ; immunology ; Molecular Biology ; Peptide Fragments ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Tuberculosis Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology ; Vaccines, DNA ; immunology

ObjectiveTo analyse the clinical characteristics of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) which coexists with extrapancreatic malignancy (EPM),with an aim to provide strategies for clinical diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThe PubMed was used to search for the pancreatic IPMN related articles with positive pathologic results.A pooled analysis was then performed.The ratio ofpancreatic IPMNs coexisting with EPMs and the locations (or the type) of EPMs were analyzed.ResultsAfter a strict process of screening,18 articles met the pre-determined standardsand were accepted.Of the 1327 patients,363 had coexisting EPMs (27.35％).There were 392 EPMs in these 363 patients.The EPMs occurred in almost all the systems of the body,especially in the digestive tract and its related organs,which accounted for 63.06％ of the EPMs. Conclusions There is a tendency for patients with pancreatic IPMN to have coexisting EPM. More than half of these EPMs are malignant tumors in the digestive system. When pancreatic IPMN is diagnosed,the clinician should be aware of the possible coexistence of an EPM and should look for the possibility of a new EPM developing in a patient after treatment of pancreatic IPMN.

Objective To investigate the expression of peripheral blood (PB) CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with benign end-stage liver disease after liver transplantation and the relationship between levels of PB Tregs and acute rejection. Methods A prospective analysis was performed on 55 consecutive patients who underwent liver transplantation.Fourteen out of 55 cases suffered from acute rejection after liver transplantation were defined as rejection group,while the rest patients were classified into no acute rejection group. PB was obtained from liver transplant patients at different time points longitudinally: pre-transplant, post-transplant within one year and acute rejection. The circulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in PB were measured by flow cytometry. Blood samples were drawn during acute rejection, at the same time, liver biopsies were performed. The circulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs were compared between two groups.Results There was no difference between two groups in levels of circulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3 + Tregs cells pre-transplant. However, the levels of circulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in rejection group were decreased significantly as compared with no-rejection group (2. 23 % ± 0. 54 % vs. 2. 99 % ±0. 86 %,P＜0.01). The frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells was negatively correlated with rejection activity index (RAI) (r = - 0. 80, P＜0. 01 ). Conclusion Monitoring PB CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs levels may be helpful in evaluating the immune state and act as a more sensitive marker for acute rejection diagnosis in the patients following liver transplantation.

Objective To investigate strategies of diagnosis and treatment of ureter endometriosis. Methods From 1983 to 2010, the cases registered in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and confirmed as ureter endometriosis by surgery were enrolled in this study. Clinical manifestatios, preoperative examinations, surgical categories and routes, surgical and pathological findings, post-operative medical treatment, relapse and relating factors were collected and studied. Results Totally 46 patieuts with ureter endometriosis underwent one or two surgeries. Forty-eight per cent (22/46) of patients were not be diagnosed with ureter endometriosis pre-operatively, and 46% (21/46) only presented dysmenorrhea or even no symptoms. Ureterolysis (72%, 33/46) and laparotomy (63%, 29/46 ) were the most common surgical category and surgical approach. There were 64% (25/39) of patients had left ureter involved and 80% (37/46) had extrinsic ureter endometriosis. Fifteen per cent (7/46) of patients had relapsed disease with median recurrent time of 24 months (13 -49 months), and they all received second surgeries. Logistic regression analysis showed that only gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue agents were related with recurrence when compared with those patients without medical treatment post-operatively significantly ( OR =23.2, 95% CI:2. 4 -221.7, P =0. 002). Conclusions Ureter endometriosis was related with reproductive tract endometriosis. It has insidious process resulting in difficulty for early diagnosis. It's important to treat pelvic deep infiltrating endometriosis and ovarian endometrioma to prevent ureter from further involvement. Post-operative treatment of pelvic endometriosis is the key point of preventing relapse of ureter endometriosis.