Panvascular disease， with vascular diseases as the common pathological feature， is mainly manifested as atherosclerosis. Panvascular disease mainly affects the important organs of the heart， brain， kidney， and limbs. It is one of the leading causes of death for Chinese residents at present. Previously， due to the narrow branches of disciplines， too much attention was paid to local lesions， resulting in the neglect of panvascular disease as a systemic one. The fact that panvascular disease has overall pathology and comprehensive and individualized treatment strategies， makes the disease highly compatible with the principles of holism concept and syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It is believed that blood stasis is the core pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is involved in the whole process of atherosclerosis. The theories of ''blood vessel''， ''meridians''， ''visceral manifestation''， and ''organs-meridians'' in TCM are helpful to comprehensively understand the complexity of panvascular diseases. Moreover， those theories can provide systematic treatment strategies. The TCM syndromes of panvascular diseases evolve from ''phlegm， stasis， stagnation， and deficiency''. Panvascular arteriosclerosis is related to the syndrome of ''stasis and phlegm''， and the treatment mainly promotes blood circulation and removes phlegm. There are different specific drugs and mechanisms of action for coronary atherosclerosis， cerebral atherosclerosis， and renal artery atherosclerotic stenosis. Panvascular venous lesions are related to the syndrome of ''deficiency and stasis'' in TCM， and the TCM treatment mainly invigorates Qi and promotes blood circulation， which can inhibit venous thrombosis， improve venous ulcers， and resist venous endothelial damage. Panvascular microcirculatory lesions are inseparable from the ''stagnation and stasis'' in TCM， and the treatment mainly promotes Qi and dredges collaterals， which has a good effect on coronary microvascular lesions， diabetic microvascular lesions， pulmonary microvascular lesions， and pancreatic microvascular lesions. Panvascular lymphatic lesions are related to the syndrome of ''water and stasis'' in TCM. The treatment method focuses on promoting blood circulation and water excretion， which can promote lymphangiogenesis and enhance lymphatic reflux. In addition， the combination of TCM and modern technology， especially the application of artificial intelligence， can improve the efficiency of early identification and personalized treatment， resulting in early screening and comprehensive management of panvascular diseases. Therefore， TCM will play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of panvascular diseases.

Panvascular disease， with vascular diseases as the common pathological feature， is mainly manifested as atherosclerosis. Panvascular disease mainly affects the important organs of the heart， brain， kidney， and limbs. It is one of the leading causes of death for Chinese residents at present. Previously， due to the narrow branches of disciplines， too much attention was paid to local lesions， resulting in the neglect of panvascular disease as a systemic one. The fact that panvascular disease has overall pathology and comprehensive and individualized treatment strategies， makes the disease highly compatible with the principles of holism concept and syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It is believed that blood stasis is the core pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is involved in the whole process of atherosclerosis. The theories of ''blood vessel''， ''meridians''， ''visceral manifestation''， and ''organs-meridians'' in TCM are helpful to comprehensively understand the complexity of panvascular diseases. Moreover， those theories can provide systematic treatment strategies. The TCM syndromes of panvascular diseases evolve from ''phlegm， stasis， stagnation， and deficiency''. Panvascular arteriosclerosis is related to the syndrome of ''stasis and phlegm''， and the treatment mainly promotes blood circulation and removes phlegm. There are different specific drugs and mechanisms of action for coronary atherosclerosis， cerebral atherosclerosis， and renal artery atherosclerotic stenosis. Panvascular venous lesions are related to the syndrome of ''deficiency and stasis'' in TCM， and the TCM treatment mainly invigorates Qi and promotes blood circulation， which can inhibit venous thrombosis， improve venous ulcers， and resist venous endothelial damage. Panvascular microcirculatory lesions are inseparable from the ''stagnation and stasis'' in TCM， and the treatment mainly promotes Qi and dredges collaterals， which has a good effect on coronary microvascular lesions， diabetic microvascular lesions， pulmonary microvascular lesions， and pancreatic microvascular lesions. Panvascular lymphatic lesions are related to the syndrome of ''water and stasis'' in TCM. The treatment method focuses on promoting blood circulation and water excretion， which can promote lymphangiogenesis and enhance lymphatic reflux. In addition， the combination of TCM and modern technology， especially the application of artificial intelligence， can improve the efficiency of early identification and personalized treatment， resulting in early screening and comprehensive management of panvascular diseases. Therefore， TCM will play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of panvascular diseases.

Goiter is a kind of non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic hyperplasia and enlargement. Many studies have shown that substances such as thiocyanates and isothiocyanates can prevent the development of a variety of tumors. However, some studies have also found that such substances can lead to goiter. In this article, relevant information on common goitrogen in food are collected to explore their mechanism of action, laying a foundation for guiding residents to maintain a healthy and balanced diet.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction （CMD） is one of the important causes of myocardial ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery ischemic symptoms. However， effective diagnostic methods and targeted treatment strategies for CMD are currently lacking. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the comorbidity theory of "blood-vessel-cardiac collaterals" plays a central role throughout the entire development process of CMD. It suggests that in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CMD， the treatment of blood， vessels， and cardiac collaterals should not be neglected. In light of this， insect medicines， known for their efficacy in promoting blood circulation， resolving stasis， and alleviating spasms， hold promise as a potential treatment for CMD. However， there is currently no research or summary on the use of insect medicines for the treatment of CMD. Therefore， this article took the comorbidity theory of "blood-vessel-cardiac collaterals" as the starting point and divided the pathogenesis of CMD into five evolution stages： Beginning in the blood （changes in blood components and hemorheology）， progressing in the vessels （atheromatous plaque formation and unstable plaques）， occurring in the cardiac collaterals （microvascular endothelial damage and microvascular constriction and spasms）， ending in the cardiac collaterals （microvascular remodeling）， and resulting in energy metabolism disorders throughout the process， so as to explore the pathogenesis and evolution of CMD. In addition， based on the modern pharmacological research on insect medicines， this article discussed the clinical application of insect medicines in the treatment of CMD from four aspects： Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis to relieve vessels' obstruction， relieving spasms to alleviate pain， combating poison with poison to disperse stagnation， and tonifying cardiac collaterals to nourish the heart， which aims to provide a theoretical basis for the use of TCM in treating CMD， broaden the scope of medication， and improve clinical efficacy.

Objective:To study the diagnostic value of artificial intelligence B-ultrasound image computer-aided diagnosis system (hereinafter referred to as intelligent ultrasound system) in adult goiter.Methods:In June 2022 and March 2023, two phases of thyroid disease survey were carried out in 4 cities in Anhui Province. One village was selected in each city, and 250 adults were selected as survey subjects in each village. Adult bilateral thyroid area was scanned by both intelligent ultrasound system and conventional ultrasound scanning equipment, and the effectiveness of intelligent ultrasound system in the diagnosis of goiter was analyzed based on the results of conventional ultrasound examination. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and Kappa test was used to analyze the consistency between intelligent ultrasound system and conventional ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of goiter. At the same time, Spearman correlation analysis and Bland-Altman method were used to evaluate the consistency of the two methods in measuring thyroid volume.Results:After screening and removing outliers and missing values, a total of 910 adults were included, including 253 males (27.80%) and 657 females (72.20%). The age was (45.92 ± 10.20) years old, ranging from 18 to 60 years old. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the intelligent ultrasound system for diagnosing adult goiter were 80.00%, 99.67%, and 99.56%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.996, which was consistent with the results of conventional ultrasound examination for diagnosing goiter ( κ = 0.67, P < 0.001). After controlling for variables such as gender, thyroid function, and thyroid nodules, the intelligent ultrasound system showed good consistency with conventional ultrasound examination in the diagnosis of goiter in females, adults with thyroid dysfunction, and adults without thyroid nodules ( κ = 0.66, 0.80, 0.80, P < 0.001). The consistency in the diagnosis of goiter in adults with thyroid nodules was moderate ( κ = 0.56, P < 0.001). Spearman correlation analysis showed a highly positive correlation between the measurement results of adult thyroid volume by intelligent ultrasound system and conventional ultrasound examination ( r = 0.88, P < 0.001). The Bland-Altman method results showed that only 4.62% (42/910) of points in adults were outside the 95% consistency limit, indicating good consistency between intelligent ultrasound system and conventional ultrasound examination in measuring thyroid volume (< 5%). The proportion of points outside the 95% consistency limit in males, adults with thyroid dysfunction, and adults with thyroid nodules was 6.72% (17/253), 5.83% (12/206), and 6.45% (12/186), respectively. Conclusions:The intelligent ultrasound system has certain diagnostic value for adult goiter and has good consistency with conventional ultrasound examination for thyroid volume measurement. However, the accuracy of diagnosis for males and adults with thyroid nodules still needs to be improved.

Objective To observe the effects of Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription on energy metabolism of H9c2 cardiomyocytes with oxidative stress injury.Methods H9c2 cardiomyocytes oxidative stress model was established with H2O2 to simulate myocardial injury.CCK-8 method was used to select the best conditions for modeling and the appropriate concentration of drugs.Cells were divided into normal group,model group,trimetazidine hydrochloride group and Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription group.Na+-K+-ATPase activity,real-time ATP generation rate,mitochondrial pressure,gycolysis rate,and long-chain fatty acid oxidationl pressure on H9c2 cardiomyocytes after treatment were performed,and the changes in energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes were observed.Results Compared with the normal group,the Na+-K+-ATPase activity,glycolytic ATP production rate,mitochondrial ATP production rate,basal oxygen consumption,non mitochondrial oxygen consumption,ATP production capacity,cellular reserve respiratory capacity and maximum respiratory capacity of H9c2 cells in the model group decreased,the glycolytic rate slowed down,long chain fatty acid basal respiration,acute response and maximum respiratory value decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the H9c2 cells in Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription group showed an increase in Na+-K+-ATPase activity,an increase in glycolytic ATP production rate and mitochondrial ATP production rate,an increase in basal oxygen consumption,non mitochondrial oxygen consumption,ATP production capacity,cellular reserve respiratory capacity and maximum respiratory capacity,an increase in basal glycolysis rate,and an increase in long-chain fatty acid basal respiration,acute response and maximum respiratory value(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription can significantly improve the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in cH9c2 ardiomyocytes with oxidative stress injury,increase the rate of ATP production,improve mitochondrial pressure,glycolysis rate and oxidation pressure of long chain fatty acids,and improve the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription in improving the oxidative damage of H9c2 cells based on AhR-JDP2-Nrf2 axis.Methods H9c2 cells were divided into normal group,model group,TCM group,trimetazidine group,empty plasmid group,overexpression group,TCM+overexpression group and trimetazidine+overexpression group.The oxidative stress model of H9c2 cells was induced with H2O2 to imitate myocardial injury,and the cells were transfected with JDP2 overexpressed gene,intervened with Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription and trimetazidine hydrochloride respectively.Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry,the contents of MDA,SOD and NADPH in cell supernatant were detected by kits,the protein expression of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by Western blot,the mRNA expression of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by RT-qPCR.Results Compared with the normal group,the early apoptosis rate,late apoptosis rate and total apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells in the model group increased(P<0.01),the contents of MDA,SOD and NADPH in cell supernatant increased(P<0.05),the expression of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2,HO-1 protein and mRNA increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the early apoptosis rate,late apoptosis rate and total apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells in the TCM group and the trimetazidine group significantly decreased(P<0.01),the contents of MDA,SOD and NADPH decreased(P<0.05),the expression of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2 and HO-1 protein and mRNA decreased in the TCM group(P<0.05).Compared with the empty plasmid group,the overexpression group showed an increase in early apoptosis rate,late apoptosis rate and total apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells(P<0.01),an increase in MDA and NADPH content in cell supernatant(P<0.01),an decrease in SOD content(P<0.01),and an increase in the expressions of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2,HO-1 protein and mRNA in H9c2 cells(P<0.05).Compared with the overexpression group,the early apoptosis rate,late apoptosis rate and total apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells in the TCM+overexpression group and the trimetazidine+overexpression group were significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),the MDA and NADPH contents in cell supernatant were decreased(P<0.01),the SOD content increased(P<0.01),and the expressions of AhR,JDP2,Nrf2,HO-1 protein and mRNA in H9c2 cells decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion Huoxue Bushen Anshen Prescription can regulate the AhR-JDP2-Nrf2 axis by regulating the expression of JDP2,alleviate the oxidative damage of H9c2 cells,reduce the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes,and protect cardiomyocytes.

Heart failure refers to a group of clinical syndromes caused by structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that lead to impaired ejection or filling of the ventricles. The traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory of cardiac and renal coordination holds that the kidney governs water and plays a key role in maintaining the balance of fluid metabolism. Therefore， the treatment of water retention in heart failure can start from the heart and kidney. The basic pathogenesis of heart failure is kidney deficiency， blood stasis， and water stagnation， and the therapies including dredging the heart and kidneys， warming yang and excreting water， tonifying kidneys and activating blood， and dredging meridians and collaterals. Aquaporins （AQPs）， the key molecular basis of water metabolism， are involved in the pathogenesis of water retention in heart failure together with the arginine vasopressin system （AVP）， renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system （RAAS）， and diuretic resistance. Studies have shown that herbal medicines that regulate the heart and kidney can alleviate water retention in heart failure by targeting AQPs， thereby delaying or even reversing the progression of heart failure. This paper expounds the TCM name and pathogenesis of heart failure from the theory of cardiac and renal coordination， the role of AQPs in the pathogenesis of water retention in heart failure， and the modern connotation of the therapy of tonifying heart and kidney for heart failure， aiming to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of water retention in heart failure by TCM.

Objective:To investigate the effects of thyroxine (T 4) and propylthiouracil (PTU) on nitric oxide synthase expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cells). Methods:HUVEC cells were cultured in vitro, the experiment was divided into 6 groups: control (without T 4 and PTU), 10 -9, 10 -7, 10 -4 mol/L T 4, PTU (5 μg/ml PTU), and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU, the action time was 24 h. CCK-8 method was used to detect cell activity; nitrate reductase method was used to detect nitric oxide (NO), total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contents; Western blotting was used to detect eNOS protein expression level. Results:The differences of cell survival rates [(100.00 ± 0.00)%, (96.73 ± 1.17)%, (86.20 ± 7.54)%, (47.37 ± 9.10)%, (53.37 ± 5.47)%, (53.40 ± 8.84)%] among the 6 groups were statistically significant ( F = 29.42, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the cell survival rates of 10 -7, 10 -4 mol/L T 4, PTU, and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU groups were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the contents of NO and TNOS among the 6 groups ( F = 3.93, 3.46, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the TNOS content in PTU group was significantly reduced ( P < 0.05); compared with the 10 -4 mol/L T 4 group, the NO contents in PTU and 10 -4 mol/L T 4 + PTU groups were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in eNOS content and protein expression level among the 6 groups ( F = 0.24, 0.17, P > 0.05). Conclusions:High concentration of T 4 can cause damage to the activity of HUVEC cells cultured in vitro, and PTU can alleviate it by regulating NO and TNOS. The specific mechanism of action still needs to be further studied in molecular biological experiments.

The controversy over the ultrasonic testing of thyroid volume (TVOL) in children exists in some aspects, mainly focusing on the measurement errors caused by different testing personnel, instruments and techniques. Moreover, with the development of children growth higher than before, the influence of physiological factors on TVOL and relevant correction methods should be paid attention. This paper reviews domestic and foreign literatures. Firstly, through describing the TVOL reference values of international recommended, foreign country and China, we clarify the differences between them, and analyze the current situation and characteristics of each. Secondly, by studying the ultrasonic testing methods and physiological factors which affect TVOL, this paper analyzes the importance of various factors, discusses the availability of several measurement methods and compares several TVOL correction methods. Some suggestions are put forward for further improving the reference value of TVOL of children in China.