As the major pathway mediating specific protein degradation in eukaryotes, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as cell cycle regulation, immune response, signal transduction and DNA-repair. Deubiquitinases (DUB) maintain the balance of UPS and related physiological processes via reversibly removing ubiquitin from the covalently modified protein substrates, which have been implicated in various disease processes in case of their imbalance expression. Because DUB plays critical regulating roles in the UPS pathway, they may be also the ideal drug targets for severe and intractable human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disease. With the rapid development of proteomic technology, systematical investigation of specific substrates and interacting proteins of varied DUB via mass spectrometry approach may shed light on these DUB's biological function and regulating roles in the physiological and pathogenic states. In this review, we briefly introduce the characteristics of DUB and summarize the recent application and progresses of proteomics in DUB research.
Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; metabolism ; Proteomics ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitin ; metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases ; metabolism

Fluorescent staining method is a sensitive cytochemical staining method, it can reflect minimal changes of biochemical components of cells. The 7690-Xu fluorescent staining solution prepared with thioflavine can show the heterogeneo- us fluorescence of cells in different stages of differentiation. The younger cells with low degree of differentiation show blue fluorescence, the lower the degree the deeper the color. Along with the differentiation of cells, the blue color of fluorescence deflects to the red color of spectrum gradually, the blue color of fluorescence of cytoplasm changes gradually to bluish, bluish-green, and finally yellow color. The blue color of fluorescence of nucleus changes through greyish- blue to orangeyellow or orange-red.The cytoplasm of cells in various organs with high degree of differentiation appears yellow, and the nucleus orange-yellow or orange-red in color.

group Nor(P0.05).Conclusions The changes of ambulatory pulse pressure can reflect the degree of EH.The obvious increase of PP and decrease of DBP maybe are the exclusive features of ABPM in EH patients with target organs damage.

Objective To observe the iodine state of patients with autoimmunity thyroid disease(AITD) in Shaanxi province,and to discuss the relationship between the metabolism of iodine and the occurrance,development and prognosis of AITD.Methods A total of 388 cases were collected,among whom 283 were patients with AITD,and 105 were patients with non-AITD.Questionnaires were designed to determine the general state of the patients,the size,shape and texture of the thyroid,the urinary concentration of iodine,the function of thyroid and the autoantibody of thyroid.The data were processed by SPSS12.0.Results The mean urinary concentrations of iodine in patients with GD,with HT,and the control group were 212?g/L,245.4?g/L,and 197.8?g/L respectively,which were statistically different.In the HT group,wich different urinary concentrations of iodine,there were no statistical difference of TGAb,TMAb,and HS-TSH.Conclusion Excessive in-take of dietary iodine may be related with AITD.

Protein ubiquitination is one of the most important and widely exist protein post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells, which takes the ubiquitin and ubiquitin chains as signal molecules to covalently modify other protein substrates. It plays an important roles in the control of almost all of the life processes, including gene transcription and translation, signal transduction and cell-cycle progression, besides classical 26S protesome degradation pathway. Varied modification sites in the same substrates as well as different types of ubiquitin linkages in the same modification sites contain different structural information, which conduct different signal or even determine the fate of the protein substrates in the cell. Any abnormalities in ubiquitin chain formation or its modification process may cause severe problem in maintaining the balance of intracellular environment and finally result in serious health problem of human being. In this review, we discussed the discovery, genetic characteristics and the crystal structure of the ubiquitin. We also emphasized the recent progresses of the assembly processes, structure and their biological function of ubiquitin chains. The relationship between the disregulation and related human diseases has also been discussed. These progress will shed light on the complexity of proteome, which may also provide tools in the new drug research and development processes.
Humans ; Proteome ; Ubiquitin ; chemistry ; Ubiquitination

Scientific research is the essence of the comprehensive competitiveness in promoting medical development and progress.The county-level public hospitals are to improve all the medical staffs' scientific research awareness and level and the development and progress of clinical medical science by establishing an incentive mechanism and a platform for scientific research and combining the specialties of the hospitals to carry out relative scientific research.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Cyclophosphamide ; therapeutic use ; Doxorubicin ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Genes, myc ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; drug therapy ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; Methotrexate ; therapeutic use ; Prednisone ; therapeutic use ; Translocation, Genetic ; Vincristine ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the apoptosis of testicular germ cells in hyperlipidemic rats.

METHODSWe randomly assigned 42 four-week-old male Wistar rats into a normal control group (n = 12) and a high-fat group (n = 30) to be fed on a normal diet and a high-fat diet, respectively, for 10 weeks. Then we measured the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum using an automatic biochemistry analyzer, detected the apoptosis of testicular germ cells by TUNEL staining, and determined the protein and mRNA expressions of GRP78 and. caspase-12 in the testis tissue by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively.

RESULTSThe concentrations of TG and TC were significantly increased in the animals of the high-fat group ([3.00 ± 0.92] and [3.04 ± 0.39] mmol/L) as compared with the control rats ([1.43 ± 0.41] and [1.55 ± 0.23] mmol/L) (P < 0.01), and so was the apoptosis index of the testicular germ cells ([37.17 ± 2.74]% vs [5.16 ± 0.81]%, P < 0.01). The high-fat group, in comparison with the control, also showed remarkably upregulated protein and mRNA expressions of GRP78 (0.32 ± 0.03 and 0.86 ± 0.05 vs 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.37 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) and caspase-12 (0.34 ± 0.02 and 0.87 ± 0.01 vs 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.34 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) in the testis tissue.

CONCLUSIONThe apoptosis of testicular germ cells is increased in hyperlipidemic rats, which may be attributed to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Caspase 12 ; metabolism ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; physiology ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spermatozoa ; pathology ; Staining and Labeling ; Testis ; metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Up-Regulation

Objective:To investigate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in renal tissues of patients with hepatitis B virus- associated glomerulonephritis(HBV-GN).Methods:Twenty HBV-GN specimens with complete nephrology data and 10 normal renal specimens were randomly chosen for the present study.Cell apoptosis was detected by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)and the apoptotic index was calculated;immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2.ResuLts:The apoptotic index in HBV-GN group was obviously higher than that of the control group;the apoptotic cells were mainly distributed in the proximal and distal renal tubules and the collecting duct epithelial cells,seldom seen in the glomerular cells.The expression of Bcl-2 in HBV-GN patients was predominately present in the renal tubular epithelia cells(positive in the plasma,membrane and nuclear);the expression of Bax was found in both glomerular cells and renal tubular cells,mainly in tubular epithelial cells,seldom seen in Bowman's capsule or glomerular mesangial region.Conclusion:Apoptosis in the kidney of HBV-GN patients mainly occurs in the renal tubular epithelial cells;expression of Bax and Bcl-2 is mainly in the renal tubular epithelial cells,suggesting that the injury of tubular interstitial damage may be one of the important factors for the development of HBV-GN.

Objective To design an atlantoaxial lateral mass fusion cage and evaluate its biomechanical stability when it is combined with atlantoaxial vertebral pedicle screw fixation.Methods Forty-six sets of CT 3D reconstruction pieces of the normal atlantoaxial junction were chosen to measure sagittal diameter and transverse diameter of atlantoaxial lateral mass joint,sagittal diameter and transverse diameter of epistropheus lateral mass and space height of atlantoaxial lateral mass joint.An atlantoaxial lateral mass fusion cage was designed on this basis.Six fresh human cadaveric cervical spines (C0-C4) were used as samples to measure 3D motion range of C1,and 2 segments under 1.5 N · m load.3D motion range of samples under the following situations was measured at random:intact state,unstable state (ligament around odontoid process was cut off),fixation with atlantoaxial joint screw+Gallie steel wire,atlantoaxial pedicle screw,atlantoaxial lateral mass joint fusion cage+atlantoaxial vertebral pedicle screw.Results Corresponding width/length of fusion cage is 8/11,9/12,10/13 mm,respectively,and the height is designed to 3.5,4.0,and 4.5 mm,respectively.The motion range of three internal fixation methods is less than that under intact state and unstable state.The difference has statistical significance.The C1+C2+cage fixation produces the least motion range in lateral bending and axial rotation directions and generates the highest motion range in flexion/extension direction.But,the difference has no statistical significance.Conclusion The C1+C2+cage internal fixation technique has similar stability with common atlantoaxial intemal fixation method and can provide extra atlantoaxial fusion spots.Thus,it may be a feasible alternative for atlantoaxial fusion when the posterior arch of the atlas is absent.