OBJECTIVE To investigate the cognition on hand hygiene and the reasons affecting the hand hygiene performance in hospital.METHODS Medical staff of 358 parsons were randomly selected by questionnaire.RESULTS It was higher cognition among medical staff on hand washing indication learned from Standards of Hand Hygiene among Medical Personnel in Medical Institutions(draft for soliciting opinions) issued by the Ministry of Health.The cognition coincidence of hand sterilization indication was 68.04%,but existed some less cognition or miscognition in this field among them.The main factors affecting the hand hygiene performance were busy at work,to which was the primary cause to affect use of stream water to wash hands.The concept that using stream water wash hand is reliable is the primary cause influence medical staffs to use alcohol scrape hand.CONCLUSIONS The nosocomial infection monitoring,guidance and control should be emphasized in the field of more use of the fast hand antiseptics instead washing hands and supervising the relevance of the amount of hand hygiene product consumpsion to nosocomial infections.

Objective To analyse the relationship between vascular dementia in senitity and diffuse white matter lucencice.Methods Observing 54 patients older than 60 of diffuse white matter lucencice for three years with clinical methods CT and/or MRI.Diagnosing vascular dementia by MMSE and Hachinski.Results The degree of diffuse white matter lucencice within the 54 patients were 34 cases as first degree,14 cases as second degree, 6 cases as third degree in the first year, 17 cases, 19 cases and 18 cases in the second year restectively, 8 cases, 17 cases and 29 cases in the third year.The 6 cases of group suffer from the vascular dementia in senitity in the first year,13 cases in the second year,33 cases in the third year.The average annual growth was 32%.Conclusion Diffuse white matter lucencice is a critical factor of vascular dementia in senitity. The positive correlation between the degree of diffuse white matter lucencice and the occurrence of vascular dementia in senitity has been shown( r =0.82, P

Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic effect of electronic dental anesthesia(EDA).　Methods: Sixty patients with dental caries in need of cavity preparation and 15 patients with pulpitis in need of pulp treatment were anesthetized with EDA, another 60 patients with dental caries in need of cavity preparation and 15 patients with pulpitis in need of pulp treatment were anesthetized with traditional local anesthesia(LA).　 Results: For patients with dental caries in need of cavity preparation, the effective rates in EDA group and LA group were 93.33% and 98.33% respectively(P>0.05).For patients with pulpitis in need of pulp treatment ,the effective rates in EDA group and LA group were 26.7% and 93.33% respectively(P<0.01).　Conclusions: EDA can be an effective analgesic method for cavity preparation, but not for pulp treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture at points Taiyang and Fengchi on the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and neural cell apoptosis during local cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rabbits and explore its protective action on nerve cells and the mechanism.Methods Rabbits were randomized into sham operation, model and acupuncture groups. Each group was randomly allocated to three time points: one, three and seven days. A rabbit model of local cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was made by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)using an intraluminal thread. Reperfusion was performed at two hours after cerebral ischemia. In the acupuncture groups, points Taiyang and Fengchi were electro-acupunctured at six hours after cerebral ischemia. Treatment was given once daily. The rabbits were sacrificed to take materials at one, three and seven days after reperfusion. Pathological changes in brain tissue were observed by HE staining. Cerebral HSP70 expression was determined by immunohistochemical method. Neural cell apoptosis was examined by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).Results Pathological staining showed that cerebral infarction area decreased significantly, the number of nerve cells increased and inflammatory infiltration reduced at every time point in the acupuncture group of rabbits compared with the model group. The results of histochemical examination showed that HSP70 expression decreased in the sham operation group and increased in the model group. It increased significantly at every corresponding time point in the acupuncture group compared with the model group (P<0.01). The number of apoptotic cells increased gradually with reperfusion prolongation and reached the peak at three hours in the model group. The number of apoptotic cells decreased significantly at every time point in the acupuncture group and there was a statistically significant difference by comparison with the model group (P<0.01).Conclusions Electroacupuncture at points Taiyang and Fengchi can increase cerebral HSP70 expression and decrease neural cell apoptosis to produce a nerve-protecting effect in rabbits with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has many advantages than standard multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC),such as small trauma,less postoperative pain,shorter hospital stay,good cosmetic effect,and so on.Especially the satisfying cosmetic result of no abdominal scar is more important.But the SILS is also faced with many difficulties.The operation time of SILS were significantly longer in duration than MLC.The safety and the technical feasibility were lower for the SILS whose operation complications are more than the MLC.The main reason is that the operation field don't exposureis sufficient and the formation of surgical operation triangle is not easy.In order to overcome these difficulties,scholars have used the auxiliary methods of exposing the operative field in various operation,including the penetration of abdomen wall retraction and intraperitonealretractionand abdomen wall retraction.This paper with review the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods aiming to affer more values for clinical doctors in opperating SILS who get more knonledge abont it.

Objective To investigate the genetic diversity of variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M,ib) isolates and their impact factors on transmission.Methods A total of 1 310 patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis registered during 2013 from 30 counties of drug-resistance monitoring sites in Guangxi were enrolled.The VNTR genotyping technique was used to identify and analyze M.tb genotypes.Count data was analyzed by Chi-square test using descriptive statistical method,unconditioned Logistic regression was used to analyze the characteristics of gene clusters.Results A total of 1 310 strains of M.tb were classified into 964 genotypes,of which 779 strains were classified into a single gene cluster,531 strains were classified into 185 clusters.Each cluster contained 2 to 40 strains (mean 6.6).Patients aged between 41 and 60 years old had a highest gene cluster proportion (45.5％).Seven hundred and forty-six strains were Beijing genotype,while 564 were nonBeijing genotype,among which 7.4％ was original Beijing genotype.The estimated recent infection (cluster rate) was 26.41％.The cluster rate was higher in sensitive strains (24.40％) than in drugresistant strains (9.55 ％,x2 =23.621,P =0.000) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains (8.97 ％,x2=-9.675,P=0.002),and that was higher in Beijing genotype (28.69％) than Non-Beijing genotype (23.40％,x2 =4.610,P=0.032).The clusters proportion in sensitive strain (37.43％) was higher than drug-resistant strains (14.09％) and MDR strains (15.38％),and that was higher in Beijing genotype (40.88％) than Non-Beijing genotype (37.77％).Conclusions M.tb genetic polymorphisms display highly diversity in Guangxi region.Sensitive strains and Beijing genotype strains are the main epidemic strains.

Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; etiology ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Lipase ; analysis ; genetics ; physiology ; Lipoproteins ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; metabolism ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Tissue Distribution

Since the China's new healthcare reform has launched , beneficial policies introduced by the central and local governments has promoted the rapid development of private hospitals .This paper taking Sichuan Province as an ex-ample analyzes the development of private hospitals from four points of view:hospital amount, scale, location and services package, using 2002—2014 hospital-level data, which provides decision support for formulating and improving relative pol-icies.As per the analysis of the data at hand , it has been confirmed that private sector has developed quickly during the 13 years, with the number of hospitals increasing by 19.2%annually.Private hospitals were mainly of small-scale.Although the proportion of services provided by privates sector has grown yearly , it was merely 14.5%in 2014.The hospital location that the private sector selected concentrated mainly in developed regions , but the proportion of private hospital in the un-derdeveloped region has risen steadily .In terms of types of service provided , there were certain differences between private and public sector.Compared to the public sector, the private sector provided a higher proportion of specialized medical services, concentrating on otolaryngology , cosmetic plastic surgery , cardiovascular services , etc.

Objective To analyze the dermal irritation characteristics of 8 types of cosmetics.Methods The selected 917 cosmetics samples of 8 types,which were underwent the health safety test in China during 2005-2007,were assessed in the acute dermal irritation according to the related standards and the data were statistically analyzed using CMH method.Results The dermal-irritant samples were detected in different levels in 8 types of cosmetics.In terms of the irritation of cosmetics and the dermal damage caused by cosmetics,the cosmetics for hair,for face clean and for bath showed a significant higher proportion compared with the other types of cosmetics and the dermal damage could last for more than 14 days.Conclusion The acute dermal-irritability is different in 8 types of cosmetics,the cosmetics for hair,for face clean and for bath can cause the irritation and damage in the skin in degrees.

Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogenic bacteria,drug sensitivity,and the relationship between drug sensitivity and Escherichia coli(E.coli) induced enzymes in childhood diarrhea in the last 2 years in Chongqing area,so as to provide important evidence for pediatric clinical therapy.Methods Thirty-one E.coli induced enzymes,extended spectrum ?-laetamases(ESBLs),cephalosporinase(AmpC)detected in different phenotype methods,and drug sensitivity was measured in paper strip method,and the specimens were collected from children′s hospital affiliated to chongqing university of medical sciences from Jan.2005 to Dec.2006 were determined.Among the total,there were 18 enteropathogeic E.coli(EPEC) strains,8 enterotoxigenic E.coli(ETEC) strains and 5 enteroinvasive E.coli(EIEC) strains.In addition,drug resistance tests by paper strip included chloramphenicol(CHL),amikacin(AMK),gentamicin(GEN),norfloxacin(NOF),ciproflocacin(CIP),cefazolin(CEZ),cefoperazone(CPZ),ceftriaxone(CRO),ceftazidime(CAZ),cefotacime(CTX),cefepime(FEP),imipenem(IPM).SPSS 12.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results Three point two percent of the 31 E.coli were drug resistant to IPM,and 35.5%,38.7% to NOF,CIP individually,but more than 60% to AMK,GEN,even more than 67.7% towards cephalosporin(except ceftazidime and cefepime);the gross enzyme-produced rate was 87.1%,rate of single ESBLs,AmpC,and induction of both enzymes simultaneously presented 64.5%,6.5%,16.1% respectively;and there was marked difference in drug resistance when bacteria that produced single AmpC versus bacteria that produced single ESBLs or that produced both ESBLs and AmpC(Pa﹤0.05).Conclusions The relationships among enzyme′s quantity,sort and bacterial resistance are different.These data show E.coli infected by bacterial diarrhea children in Chongqing due to a high rate of induced enzymes,and their drug resistance vary according to the state of induced enzymes.