Objective To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)resistance-related gene mutations among the AIDS patients with virological suppression failure in Guangdong Province 2015.Methods Plasma samples from AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy for more than one year with viral loads > 1000 copies/mL from Guangdong province (except Shenzhen)were collected from January to December 2015.Total 612 HIV-1 gene fragments were amplified from plasma samples using self-developed lab method.Sub-genotypes were determined by phylogenetic tree according to the sequences,NNRTIs resistance-related mutations were determined in Stanford University HIV-1 Drug Resistance Database. The NNRTIs-resistance, the relationships of NNRTIs resistance-related mutations with baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte counts,transmission routes,antiviral regimens and HIV-1 genotypes were analyzed.SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results In 612 patients with virological suppression failure,the main NNRTIs resistance-related mutations were K103 (26.80%),Y181 (14.71 %),V179 (13.73%),G190 (11 .44%) and V106 (10.62%).The susceptibility rate of 310 patients (50.65%)to NNRTIs had changed,the highly resistant rate to nevirapine was 49.51 %,which was higher than that of efavirenz (43.14%),etravirine (5.56%) and rilpivirine (12.25%),respectively,and the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =5.00,296.3 and 198.0,all P <0.05).The incidence rate of drug resistance in patients with baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte counts >200 cells/μL was lower than that in those with baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte counts <200 cells/μL (χ2 =17.93,P <0.01 );the incidence rate of drug resistance was lower in intravenous drug abusers than that of sexually transmitted patients (χ2 =44.21 ,P <0.01 );while the incidence of drug resistance in patients receiving NVP-containing regimens was higher than that in those receiving EFV-containing regimens (χ2 =8.93,P <0.01 ),and the incidence rate was higher in patients with CRF01 _AE than that in those with CRF07_BC and CRF08 _BC (χ2 =8.46 and 8.47,P <0.01 ).Conclusions The results suggest that compliance education and follow-up should be strengthened in patients with high baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte counts and intravenous drug users,and patients with liver diseases should avoid using drugs containing NVP regimens.

Objective To explore whether the mitochondrial toxicity markers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)are of significance in monitoring mitochondrial toxicity during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Methods Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2 )and p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase small subunit 2 (p53R2 )were selected as mitochondrial toxicity markers.The expression changes of theses markers of PBMC in 22 AIDS patients were detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR)at baseline,48 weeks and 96 weeks after initiation of the treatment. All the patients received stavudine/zidovudine and lamivudine as the mainstay of the HAART regimen. Independent-samples t test was used.Results The relative expression level of mtDNA in patients before HAART was 3.27 ± 0.94,and decreased to 2.16±0.85 at week 48 and 1 .66±0.66 at week 96, respectively.The differences were both significant compared with the level prior to the treatment (t =-3.90,P <0.01 and t =-6.29,P <0.01 ,respectively).The relative expression level of TK2 before HAART was 0.37 ±0.13,and increased to 1 .01 ±0.25 at week 48 and 2.13 ±0.61 at week 96 of the treatment.After pairwise comparisons of the three pairs of data (pre-HAART vs week 48 of the treatment,pre-HAART vs week 96 of the treatment and week 48 vs week 96 of the treatment),the differences were all significant (t = 10.77,8.00 and 3.56,respectively;all P < 0.01 ).The relative expression level of p53R2 was 0.86±0.39 before HAART,but gradually increased to 2.36 ±1 .14 and 7.73±0.65 ,respectively,at week 48 and week 96 of the treatment.The differences in p53R2 levels among three groups after pairwise comparison were all significant (t=3.27,12.26 and 13.25,respectively;all P < 0.01 ).Conclusions The expression levels of mtDNA,TK2 and p53R2 in PBMC could change significantly during HAART in AIDS patients,which might be used as indexes for monitoring mitochondrial toxicity.

Objective To study the impact of HIV and hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection on peripheral expression of antiviral protein A3G and plasma IFN-αlevels.Methods Untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C(HCV infection group, n=43), AIDS(HIV infection group, CD4 +T<200 cells/μL, n=45) and HIV/HCV co-infection (CD4 +T<200 cells/μL, n=45) were recruited in the study, and 23 healthy subjects were also enrolled as controls.A3G mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was measured by quantificational real-time PCR, and plasma IFN-αlevel was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Rank-sum test and Spearman rank correlation analysis were performed. Results A3G mRNA levels in HIV infected group, HIV/HCV co-infected group, HCV infected group and healthy control group were 4.89 (0.59), 4.85 (0.71), 3.89 (1.08) and 3.69 (0.81) lg copies/mL, respectively.A3G mRNA levels in HIV infected group and HIV/HCV co-infected group were much higher than those in healthy control group (Z=-6.306 and -6.280, P<0.01) and HCV infected group (Z=-7.358 and -7.275, P<0.01).Plasma IFN-αlevels in HIV infected group, HIV/HCV co-infected group, HCV infected group and healthy control group were 2.79 (1.25), 2.05 (1.29), 2.32 (1.84) and 2.16 (2.19) pg/mL, respectively.Plasma level of IFN-αin HIV infected group was higher than that in the HIV/HCV co-infected group (Z=-2.332, P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed among other groups (all P>0.05).There was no significant correlation between plasma IFN-αlevel and A3G mRNA expression (rs =0.04, P>0.05), and the levels of A3G mRNA and IFN-αshowed no correlation with HIV RNA and HCV RNA (all P>0.05).Conclusions A3G is highly expressed in PBMCs from HIV infected patients, and it may not be affected by the infection of HCV.A3G mRNA is not closely correlated with IFN-α, and it has not significant influence on HIV RNA and HCV RNA replication.

Objective To investigate the epidemiologic and clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV)co-infected patients.Methods Patients who confirmed with HIV infection and received highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)at Guangzhou Eighth People′s Hospital were enrolled.HIV/HBV co-infected patients and HIV mono-infected patients were screened and their epidemiological and clinical features were analyzed before HAART.Comparison of the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),CD4 + T lymphocyte and HIV RNA between the two groups were conducted.The data were statistically analyzed by chi-square test and nonparametric test.Results One hundred and sixty-five out of 1 218 (13.5 %)patients were hepatitis B surface antigen positive.The median ALT and AST levels of HIV mono-infected patients were 29 U/L and 34 U/L respectively,which were both higher than HIV/HBV co-infected patients (22 U/L and 25 U/L, respectively)(Z = - 4.270 and Z = - 5 .780,respectively,both P = 0.000 ).The median CD4 + T lymphocyte count of HIV/HBV co-infected patients was significantly lower than that of HIV mono-infected patients (Z = -2.980,P =0.003 ).The CD4 + T lymphocyte count was lower in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)positive patients than HBeAg negative patients (Z =-2.660,P =0.008).The median CD4 + T lymphocyte count in patients with HBV DNA≥5 lg copy/mL was significantly lower than those with HBV DNA<5 lg copy/mL (Z = -2.311 ,P =0.021 ).The proportions of positive HBV DNA, HBV DNA≥5 lg copy/mL,abnormal ALT and AST in 54 patiens with CD4 + T lymphocyte counts <50/μL were 81 .5 %,66.7%,44.4% and 53.7%,respectively.All were significantly higher than patients with CD4 + T lymphocyte count≥50/μL(χ2 =6.159,P =0.046 ;χ2 =6.618,P =0.037 ;χ2 =7.144,P =0.028 andχ2 =9.586,P =0.008,respectively).Conclusions The prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection is high in this study.The CD4 + T lymphocyte counts in HIV/HBV co-infected patients are lower,especially in patients with HBeAg positive and high HBV DNA level.The CD4 + T lymphocyte counts are associated with HBV DNA replication levels.

Objective：To explore the effect of group psychological service on mental health of the children left behind in rural areas.Methods：Totally 222 children left behind in rural areas were selected randomly and divided into intervention group and control group.The intervention group accepted 8 times of group psychological service.The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ),Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale for Children(CES-DC),Rutter Children's Behavior questionnaire for completion by teacher,Piers-Harris Children `s Self-concept Scale(PHCSS)were used in both groups to evaluate the effect at baseline,the end of the 7th intervention,and 6 months after the end of the intervention.Results：After intervention,the intervention group got lower scores than control group in EPQ-N [(8.2±5.8)vs.(10.2±6.1),P<0.05]in the first retest,and in CES-DC [(15.9±7.3)vs.(18.8±7.7),P<0.05]in the second retest.The group gained higher scores in anxietyand happy and satisfaction factors of PHCSS [(6.6±3.4)vs.(5.6±2.7),(6.5±1.9)vs.(5.7±1.8);Ps<0.05]. Conclusion：Group psychological service are effective to children left behind in rural areas with depression emotion and had a role in children's personality remodeling.

With the advent of intellectual economy and information,the progression of rule of law,and the reforming of system of forensic science in China,some aspects of the higher education of forensic medicine are faced with unprecedented chance and challenge and have to be improved in order to adapt to training creative talented person of forensic medicine in our society.The aspects to be improved include the system of student enrollment,the pattern of higher educa-tion and training of forensic doctor,the contents of forensic medicine course,the traditional teaching method of forensic medicine,and the graduates'further education and so on.

The strain of Cunninghamella echinulata 9980 was first selected with high aminoacylase activity . In three submerged cultures, the aminoacylase activity in the mycelial cell was compared . A number of factors have effects on the resolution reaction. The results showed that, peptone culture gave the highest aminoacylase activity with 680U/g.The optium temperature,pH,and substrate concentration were 55℃, 7.0,and 0.2mol/L,respectively. The ions in the buffer lowered the activity,but the Co~(2+) in 10~(-4)~10~(-3 )mol/L was necessary for its activity.

To explore the effects of infusion with human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow on bone marrow hematopoietic function and survival in mice with aplastic anemia (AA), immuno-mediated aplastic anemia mice model was established according to Yao's method. Thirty BALB/c female mice were divided into AA model group, MSC group and radiation group. In MSC group, 1 x 10(6) MSC was infused by intravenous injection at 3 days after establishment of model. The changes of blood count, the number of nuclear cells in a single thigh-bone, colony-forming units (CFU), pathological features of bone marrow and survival rate of mice were observed in all groups. The results showed that the number of white blood cells in peripheral blood of AA model group at day 7 after establishment of model was (0.65 +/- 0.05) x 10(9)/L, which was significantly lower than those in MSC group and radiation alone group, respectively. Pancytopenia was found in all three groups at day 10. At day 14 the pancytopenia was continued in AA model group while it was less severe in MSC and radiation groups. In MSC group the number of nucleated cells in single thigh bone and pathological slice as well as CFU-GM were significantly higher than those in AA model group, respectively. The survival rate of mice in MSC group was 80.0% which was higher than that of group in AA model (18.2%, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between MSC group and radiation alone group in bone marrow hematopoiesis and survival rate. It is concluded that MSC infusion reduces the degree of bone marrow failure and improve survival of immuno-mediated AA mice model.
Anemia, Aplastic ; etiology ; therapy ; Animals ; Female ; Hematopoiesis ; physiology ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Whole-Body Irradiation

The purpose of this study is to systematically investigate the characteristics of absorption and metabolism of oxymatrine (OMT) using rat intestinal perfusion model. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI(+)-Q-TOF-MS) were used to test absorption of OMT in intestine at 100, 200 and 400 µmol · L(-1). The absorption rate and permeability of OMT is not dependent on concentration, but through passive absorption in intestine (P > 0.05). In the rat intestine, the absorbed amount of OMT was significantly different in four sections of the intestine in an order of duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon (P < 0.05). OMT is metabolized into two metabolites in duodenum and jejunum, and matrine (MT) is the major one.
Alkaloids ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestines ; metabolism ; Quinolizines ; metabolism ; Rats ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Objective To investigate the characteristics of mycobacteria species distribution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients co-infected with mycobacteria in Guangzhou. Methods A total of 133 mycobacteria strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and 150 strains isolated from HIV-negative patients were included in this study. After DNA extraction of mycobacteria, mycobacteria species identification was performed by sequencing of multiple genes.Differences in the identified species were compared between patients with and without HIV infection and the correlation between CD4 + T cells level and the mycobacterial species distribution was analyzed.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results Of the 133 mycobacteria strains isolated from HIV-positive patients, 82 were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC ). Fifty-one were identified as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM),of which the main species was Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC,31/51).Of the 150 mycobacteria strains isolated from HIV-negative patients,126 were identified as MTC and 24 as NTM,of which the main species was Mycobacterium abscessus (9/24).In patients with CD4 + T cell counts ≤100/μL,the positive rate of mycobacteria was 75 .94%(101/133),93.55 %(29/31) of MAC and 85 .00%(17/20)of other NTM.When the CD4 + T cell counts >100/μL,the positive rate for mycobacteria were all obviously decreased.Conclusions The proportion of NTM infection is higher in HIV-positive patients than HIV-negative patients in Guangzhou. Among HIV-positive patients > the most prevalent NTM species is MAC, while Mycobacterium abscessus is the most common species in HIVnegative patients. Mycobacterial infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients is closely associated with low CD4+ cells level.