AIM: To evaluate the characteristic and explore the mechanism of MAE on Semen Cassiae by comparing MAE with commonly used extraction method. METHODS : The amount of anthraquinone was determined by spectrophotometer. The surface and cross section of Semen Cassiae were observed by microphotography. RESULTS : Among the four methods,the efficiency of MAE is 16 times that of ultrasonic extraction,3 times that of Sohlex extraction and 1.1 times of decocting by water,respectively. Micrographs taken after extraction differed markedly indicated that the degree of damage varied considerably. CONCLUSION : The MAE method is more advantageous than other traditional extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction) with regard to the extraction yield and the time and cost of the procedure.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristic and explore the mechanism of microwave extraction (MAE) in extracting Chinese medicines by comparing with conventional extractions on Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. Methods : The sum of anthraquinone was determined by spectrophotometry and aphrostase in paraffin section was observed by microphotography. Results : Among the four methods, the efficiency of MAE was significantly the highest, which was 3.5 times of supersonic extraction and 1.5 times of Sohlex extraction and 1.5 times of decocting by water, respectively. The time of MAE was the shortest. MAE could destroy the cell organization to pick up the speed of dissolving. Conclusion : MAE is efficient, saving energy and time in extracting Chinese medicines.

Object To explore the regularity of microwave extraction (ME) on Chinese medicines in different morphological structure and different polar compositions. Methods Anthraquinone in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (RRR), Semen Cassiae (SC), cholorogenic acid in Flos Lonicerae, baicalin in Radix Scutellariae were determined as index compositions by HPLC. The extraction rate was measured by orthogonal design. Results ME selectivity to different anthraquinone in RRR is not significant, while at the same temperature, the extraction rates of emodin, chrysophanol, physcion in RRR are higher than those in SC. Conclusion The ME selectivity to the different morphological structure of Chinese medicines is obvious, but to the different polar compositions is not distinct.

objective To investigate the effects of different sections of receptor associated protein (RAP) on the expression and distribution of TRPC6,synaptopodin and podocalyxin in passive Heymann nephritis(PHN). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with three kinds of antisera (anti-RAP full-length serum,anti-RAP N-terminal serum and anti-RAP C-terminal serum)to establish three kinds of PHN models.The control group was injected with normal rabbit serum.The quatitation of 24 h urinary protein,serum albumin and creatinine were taken before injection and one week after PHN model successfully induced.The histopathologic changes of renal tissues were observed by light microscopy.The expression and distribution of TRPC6,synaptopodin and podocalyxin in glomerular podocytes were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy and analyzed by fluorescence quantitative software after indirect immunofluorescence double staining.Results The quantities of 24 h urinary protein in the three model groups were significantly higher than those of themselves before injection and control groups (P<0.01,respectively).The values of serum albumin and creatinine were not significantly different before and after injection (P>0.05).The expression of TRPC6 in podocytes was higher in the PHN model groups than that of control group.Fluorescence intensity of TRPC6 in RAP full-length group was stronger than that in RAP N-terminal or C-terminal groups.The expressions of synaptopodin and podocalyxin distributed along the glomerular basement membrane as spot,discontinuous short line and defect of some segments,and were lower in three PHN groups than those of control group.Fluorescence intensity of synaptopodin and podocalyxin among three PHN groups had no differences. Conclusions RAP full-length and N-terminal or C-terminal parts can increase the expression of podocyte TRPC6,but decrease the expressions of synaptopodin and podocalyxin,and alter their distribution,which may be associated with the proteinuria,however,their role in the PHN pathogenesis needs further study.

The modern literatures on the diseases treated with acupuncture at Shenmen (HT 7) were collected. Using literature statistical analysis in bibliometrics, the common compatibility of Shenmen (HT 7) and the disease spectrum were analyzed so as to provide the references of the diseases that can be treated with acupuncture at Shenmen (HT 7). It was found that 39 kinds of diseases and symptoms, mainly nerve system disedses, could be treated with acupuncture at Shenmen (HT 7), including insomnia, depression, anxiety and dementia. Shenmen (HT 7) was seldom used alone. Instead, it was commonly used along with Baihui (GV 20), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Neiguan (PC 6), Sishencong (EX-HN 1) and Taicong (LR 3).
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; statistics & numerical data ; Bibliometrics ; Humans

Objective To prepare a kind of 99Tcm-labeled estrogen receptor (ER) SPECT imaging agent,and evaluate its binding characteristics with ER by in vitro and in vivo studies.Methods EDL was prepared from estrone and then reacted with GAP to synthesize GAP-EDL.Then,GAP-EDL was labeled with 99Tcm to obtain 99Tcm-GAP-EDL.Cell uptake and blocking assays were performed in vitro on MCF-7and MDA-MB-231 cells.The biodistribution study of 99Tcm-GAP-EDL was performed on normal BALB/c mice at 30,60,120,180 and 240 min post injection.Nude mice bearing either MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231derived tumors were injected with 99Tcm-GAP-EDL,and subjected to γimaging at 1,2,4 h post injection.The mice injected with excess unlabeled GAP-EDL or estradiol were used as the blocking control.Two-sample t test was used for data analysis.Results The radiolabeling yield of 99Tcm-GAP-EDL was (98.8 ±0.5) ％ and the radiochemical purity after 24 h was over 90％.The cell uptake rate of MCF-7 cells at 240min was (4.84± 0.21) ％,which was significantly higher than that of MDA-MB-231 cells ((2.11±0.21) ％;t =15.96,P＜0.05).99 Tcm-GAP-EDL uptake rate of MCF-7 cells in blocking groups ((2.31 ± 0.28) ％ and (2.05±0.35) ％) decreased significantly compared to that of non-blocking group(t=11.52,11.16,both P＜0.05).Biodistribution studies showed that 99Tcm-GAP-EDL was mainly metabolized by the liver and kidneys,and exhibited quick blood clearance.Gamma imaging showed high uptake in MCF-7 tumors 1 h post injection and the uptake reached the highest at 4 h,while there was little 99Tcm-GAP-EDL uptake in MDA-MB231 tumors and blocked MCF-7 tumors.Conclusions 99Tcm-GAP-EDL may be prepared under mild conditions with high labeling purity and stability.The in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 99Tcm-GAP-EDL suggest that it may be a promising probe for ER positive tumor imaging.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anti-tumor activities of WX-127-07,a new microtubule-tar-geting agent invitroand probe its molecular mechanism. METHODS The well-known microtubule-targe-ting anti-tumor drugs taxol,vincristine and anti-gout drug colchicine were used as positive controls. The anti-proliferation activity was examined in five different cell lines after treatment with WX-127-07(0.3 -300 nmol·L-1 )for 72 h by SRB assay. The cell cycle arrest profile was assayed by flow cytometry. The multiparameters of cytotoxicity,cell morphology,apoptosis and different signaling pathways related to tumorigenesis and inflammation were analyzed using the high content analysis platform. Tubulin tryptic digestion and competition inhibition assay for colchicine or vinblastine site were used to confirm the bind-ing site in microtubules at a molecular level. RESULTS All the tested compounds obviously inhibited the growth of A549,HepG2,HeLa,HLF and HUVEC cells. The lC50 values of WX-127-07 were 4.47±0.05, 5.18±0.08,4.90±0.19,4.10±0.16 and(5.04±0.08)nmol·L-1 respectively,lower than those of colchicine〔the lC50 values were 21. 17 ± 1. 22,14. 19 ± 0. 53,43. 80 ± 1. 64,145. 89 ± 10. 97 and( 27. 67 ± 1.79)nmol·L-1 ,respectively〕and those of vincristine〔the lC50 values were 16.51±0.36,16.76±0.33, 27.80±2.75,43.80±1.48 and(9.15±0.78)nmol·L-1 ,respectively〕,but were similar to or lower than those of taxol〔the lC50 values were 10. 68 ± 0. 61,12. 86 ± 0. 25,4. 81 ± 0. 61,102. 07 ± 15. 17 and( 3. 04 ± 0.12)nmol·L-1 ,respectively〕. High content multi-parameter analysis revealed that WX-127-07 induced a concentration-dependent microtubular depolymerization(P=0.0075)with the same pattern as colchicine and vincristine,but at a lower concentration. Both WX-127-07 and positive drugs could induce cell cycle arrest in A549 cells,increase nuclear membrane permeability and early signs of apoptosis in HepG2 cells,but neither cancer related pathways nor inflammation related pathways were affected. Microtubular competition inhibition assay showed that WX-127-07 inhibited the binding of colchicine with tubulin(P =0.0259). Tryptic digestion of tubulin-WX-127-07 premixture showed a similar electrophoretic band to that of tubulin-colchicine premixture. CONCLUSION WX-127-07 is a novel microtubule-depolymerizing agent with anti-proliferation activity and acting on the colchicine binding site.

Objective To investigate the clinical diagnosis,treatment and prevention of fallopian tube prolapse(FTP)after hysterectomy.Methods A total of 7949 patients received hysterectomy from 1983 to Aug 2005 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital,including 6229 cases of trans-abdominal hysterectomy(TAH),780 cases of transvaginal hysterectomy(TVH),and 940 cases of laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy(LAVH).Nine cases(including 1 case from other hospital)of FTP after hysterectomy were analyzed retrospectively for their symptoms,diagnosis and treatment.All of them were diagnosed according to the results of histology and follow-up.Results The overall incidence of FTP after hysterectomy was 0.11%(9/7949).Incidence of FTP after trans-abdominal hysterectomy was 0.08% (5/6229),after vaginal hysterectomy 0.51%(4/780),and after laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy 0(0/940).There were no symptoms in 3 cases,but the other 6 cases had symptoms.The pelvic examination revealed the typical prolapsed fimbrial end of a fallopian tube in 3 cases and red granulation tissue in the other 6 cases.All of them were excised vaginally and cauterized.The results were confirmed by histological examination.No recurrent cases were reported in follow up.Conclusions FTP is a rare complication after hysterectomy.The prognosis is well after proper diagnosis and treatment.Salpingectomy or fixation of accessories into the pelvic wall and complete peritonealisation at the time of hysterectomy are important methods to prevent FTP after hysterectomy.

Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology