spective application of detection of HBV virological and serological markers, and their use in clinic.

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; therapy ; Liver Regeneration ; physiology ; Research ; trends ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; cytology

Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Polyethylene Glycols ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Protease Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; RNA, Viral ; blood ; Ribavirin ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; China ; Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C ; drug therapy ; Humans

Hepacivirus ; Hepatitis C ; Humans

Over the last several decades, the government’s health decision-making consciousness has change as result of huge economic and social changes thereby resulting in obvious volatility in the continuity of health service de-livery from China’s rural health service network:In the planned economy era. , the rural service mode of“classifica-tion and division of medical institutions and local doctors for local patients” was a starting point for the initial practice of health services continuity;however, following market reforms, rural China has adopted a discrete service mode of“patients freely choosing their doctors, and a fragmentation of provision”;after 2009, with the implementation of the equalization of primary public health service, rural health services exhibited a development trend towards a service mode of “medical treatment at primary health institutions, continuity and comprehensiveness of service provisions”. The volatility of service provision modes in the above three stages indicates a deep influence on the government’s un-derstanding of health service governance at different periods and fully demonstrates that primary care services have ob-vious political vulnerability. These policy motivations behind the characteristics of historical evolution provide many policy experiences of enlightenment for all countries, particularly for the health networks of transitioning nations. To maintain health service continuity, importance must be attached to basic health care strategies, a complete, integrat-ed grassroots health system framework and systematic operation mechanisms must be established and attention must be given to the service concept of people-centered services.

Asia ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; epidemiology ; Prevalence

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common blood-borne pathogen that relies heavily on laboratory assays for the confirmation of infection. Anti-HCV testing is the earliest and classical method which is easy to perform but has a long window period (7 - 8 weeks with the third-generation method) compared to the nucleic acid test (NAT). NAT provides direct evidence for the presence of HCV and quantitative HCV RNA testing has been applied to monitor the antiviral response to treatment. In some developed countries NAT is also used for blood screening. Cost-effectiveness and standardization are the major challenges for NAT. In recent years HCV core antigen assay and the combination antigen-antibody assay have been introduced in some clinical laboratories and proved to be premising in the early diagnosis of HCV, whereas they still remain less sensitive than NAT and require methodological improvement. Finally, HCV genotyping assays based on sequencing or reverse hybridization can provide important prognostic information related to therapeutic response, however, it is rarely used in China due to the high cost.

Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis C ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; drug therapy