Formaldehyde is a compound which is believed to have had a role in evolutionary processes. On the other hand, the (methyl)glyoxalase pathway is a route being present in all biological organisms whereas its function has not yet been recognized in the biochemical machinery. In this article it is raised that (methyl)glyoxalase path might have functioned as a bridge between formose and archaic reductive citric acid cycles in surface metabolists at the early stage of evolution. According to the theory, formaldehyde was essential for the mentioned system as a raw molecule. Based on thermodynamic calculations a simple way of regulation is also shown. The simplicity of the theory may be in a good agreement with and an explanation of why the (methyl)glyoxalase system is of ubiquitous nature.
Citric Acid Cycle ; Evolution, Chemical* ; Formaldehyde/metabolism* ; Lactoylglutathione Lyase/metabolism* ; Thermodynamics

Annexin A3 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lactoylglutathione Lyase ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Trichloroethylene ; toxicity ; rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable consequence during liver surgery. I/R injury induces serious hepatic dysfunction and failure. In this study, we identified proteins that were differentially expressed between sham and I/R injured livers. Animals were subjected to hepatic ischemia for 1 hr and were sacrificed at 3hr after reperfusion. Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly increased in I/R-operated animals compared to those of sham-operated animals. Ischemic hepatic lobes of I/R-operated animals showed the hepatic lesion with unclear condensation and sinusoidal congestion. Proteins from hepatic tissue were separated using two dimensional gel electrophosresis. Protein spots with a greater than 2.5-fold change in intensity were identified by mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, glutaredoxin-3, peroxiredoxin-3, glyoxalase I, spermidine synthase, dynamin-1-like protein, annexin A4, eukaryotic initiation factor 3, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I, 26S proteasome, proteasome alpha 1, and proteasome beta 4 levels were significantly decreased in I/R-operated animals compared to those of sham-operated animals. These proteins are related to protein synthesis, cellular growth and stabilization, anti-oxidant action. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed that dynamin-1-like protein levels were decreased in I/R-operated animals. Our results suggest that hepatic I/R induces the hepatic cells damage by regulation of several proteins.
Animals ; Annexin A4 ; Blotting, Western ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3 ; Hepatocytes ; Ischemia ; Lactoylglutathione Lyase ; Liver ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Peptide Initiation Factors ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Proteins ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Salicylamides ; Spermidine Synthase