PURPOSE: To compare the effect of medial rectus recession in consecutive esotropes who had previous monocular medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession and in non- accommodative esotropes (NAET) with small angle of deviation who had no prior operation. METHODS: We studied the results of unilateral medial rectus recession at postoperative 2 and 6 months in 7 consecutive esotropes and 19 NAET with deviation angle around 20 PD, and analyzed the corrected amount for 1 mm medial rectus recession. We regarded deviated angle of+/-8 PD at orthophoria as successful operation. RESULTS: The abosolute value of remained deviation in consecutive esotropes and NAET were 4.86+/-5.67 PD and 9.05+/-3.95 PD at postoperative 2 months, and 5.42+/-7.89 PD and 8.26+/-4.45 PD at postoperative 6 months, respectively. There were significant differences between at postoperative 2 and 6 months (p<0.05). The success rates in consecutive esotropes and NAET at postoperative 2 months were 86% and 42%, and 71% and 47%, respectively at postoperative 6 months, which were no significant differences (p>0.05). The average amount of corrected deviation for 1 mm recession at postoperative 6 months was 5.84 PD in consecutive esotropes and 2.97 PD in NAET, which were significant differences (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Unilateral medial rectus recession in consecutive esotropes may be a useful and first choice of operation procedure when considering second operation. The amount of correction for 1 mm medial rectus recession is larger in consecutive esotropes than in NAET, possibly due to previous resection of medial rectus or release of fat adhesion. Therefore the amount of medial rectus recession in consecutive esotropia should be determined after considering the degree of abduction and operative findings.
Esotropia*

Solid organ transplantation has significantly improved the survival rate of patients with terminal organ failure. However, its success is often compromised by allograft rejection, a process in which T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a crucial role. These cells facilitate rejection by enhancing neutrophil infiltration into the graft and by activating endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, Th17 cells can trigger the activation of other T cell types, including Th1, Th2, and CD8+ T cells, further contributing to rejection. An imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is known to promote rejection. To counteract this, immunosuppressive drugs have been developed to inhibit T cell activity and foster transplant tolerance. Another approach involves the adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, such as Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, to dampen T cell functions. This review primarily focuses on the roles of Th17 cells in rejection and their interactions with other T cell subsets. We also explore various strategies aimed at suppressing T cells to induce tolerance.

Solid organ transplantation has significantly improved the survival rate of patients with terminal organ failure. However, its success is often compromised by allograft rejection, a process in which T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a crucial role. These cells facilitate rejection by enhancing neutrophil infiltration into the graft and by activating endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, Th17 cells can trigger the activation of other T cell types, including Th1, Th2, and CD8+ T cells, further contributing to rejection. An imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is known to promote rejection. To counteract this, immunosuppressive drugs have been developed to inhibit T cell activity and foster transplant tolerance. Another approach involves the adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, such as Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, to dampen T cell functions. This review primarily focuses on the roles of Th17 cells in rejection and their interactions with other T cell subsets. We also explore various strategies aimed at suppressing T cells to induce tolerance.

Solid organ transplantation has significantly improved the survival rate of patients with terminal organ failure. However, its success is often compromised by allograft rejection, a process in which T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a crucial role. These cells facilitate rejection by enhancing neutrophil infiltration into the graft and by activating endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, Th17 cells can trigger the activation of other T cell types, including Th1, Th2, and CD8+ T cells, further contributing to rejection. An imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is known to promote rejection. To counteract this, immunosuppressive drugs have been developed to inhibit T cell activity and foster transplant tolerance. Another approach involves the adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, such as Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, to dampen T cell functions. This review primarily focuses on the roles of Th17 cells in rejection and their interactions with other T cell subsets. We also explore various strategies aimed at suppressing T cells to induce tolerance.

Solid organ transplantation has significantly improved the survival rate of patients with terminal organ failure. However, its success is often compromised by allograft rejection, a process in which T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a crucial role. These cells facilitate rejection by enhancing neutrophil infiltration into the graft and by activating endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, Th17 cells can trigger the activation of other T cell types, including Th1, Th2, and CD8+ T cells, further contributing to rejection. An imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is known to promote rejection. To counteract this, immunosuppressive drugs have been developed to inhibit T cell activity and foster transplant tolerance. Another approach involves the adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, such as Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, to dampen T cell functions. This review primarily focuses on the roles of Th17 cells in rejection and their interactions with other T cell subsets. We also explore various strategies aimed at suppressing T cells to induce tolerance.

Patau syndrome, a trisomy of number 13 chromosome, is a rare congenital chromosomal anomaly accompaing many abnormalities of cardiovascular and central nervous system, kidney and extremity, face and eye. We experienced a case of Patau syndrome in newborn infant who had bilateral microphthalmia, microcornea, corneal opacity, iris coloboma, cataract, dislocated lens, spherophakia, retianl fold and dysplasia, which are typical ocular anomalies of this syndrome previously described overseas but not reported in domestic. So, we report this case with a review of the literatures.
Cataract ; Central Nervous System ; Coloboma ; Corneal Opacity ; Extremities ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Iris ; Kidney ; Microphthalmos ; Trisomy

Preoperarive measurement of strabismic angle is most important procedure in determining the amount of surgery.But measured angles are not always the same at each examination, which is quite a steress to both the operator and the patient because additional examination has to be done for accurate determination of surgical amount and also because the confidence for planned amount of surgery may be reduced.Therefore we investigated the variance of preoperative measurements and evaluated the necessity of repeated examinations. We compared the variance of measurement and investigated the bias and reliability of repeated examinations, from 104 patients who were examined initially by a resident at first visit and examined repeatedly at least 3 times before operation by a specialist.Also, the degree of variance in measurement and its relation with postoperative result were evaluated. The differences in measurement between resident and specialist was average 2.37 prism diopters, which was not significant on reliability analysis.Also, there were no significant differneces among 3 measurements by specialist. The degree of variance decreased with increasing age and the larger the degree of variance in measurement, the larger the deviation which may be remained postoperatively. The results suggest that the angle of deviation measured by resident is reliable and repeated measurements do not differ significantly[p>0.05], and also confirms that the variation of these measurements is an important factor which can influence postoperative results.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Exotropia* ; Humans ; Specialization

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the ultrasonographic (USG) findings of Kikuchi cervical lymphadenopathy in pediatric patients. METHODS: Between April 2007 and September 2016, 84 children (42 male and 42 female; mean±standard deviation age, 12.9±3.2 years; range, 5 to 18 years) confirmed with Kikuchi disease were enrolled. Clinical findings and USG findings of Kikuchi cervical lymphadenopathy were retrospectively reviewed. Localized symptoms, systemic symptoms, and laboratory findings including the white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed. An analysis of the USG findings included evaluation of the location, size, and presence of intranodal abscess; intranodal calcification; perinodal fat swelling; localized fluid collection; and loss of nodal echogenic hilum. RESULTS: Among the patients, 49 (58%) showed localized tenderness at the cervical lymphadenopathy. Fever was present in 55 (66%), while 27 (32%) had prolonged fever. Of 74 with lab results, 54 (73%) had leukopenia but none had leukocytosis. Among the same 74, there was a high ESR (>50 mm/hr) in 10 (14%) and a high CRP level (>5 mg/dL) in seven (9%). The USG findings of most of the patients (n=72, 86%) showed unilateral neck involvement, especially in the left side neck (45 of 72, 63%). The most common site of Kikuchi lymphadenopathy involvement was the area at cervical lymph node level V, at the posterior triangle (n=77, 92%). Conglomerated nodal distribution (n=57, 68%), preserved central nodal echogenic hilum (n=84, 98%), and perinodal fat swelling (n=55, 65%) were common USG findings in the children with Kikuchi. In addition, multiple cervical lymph nodes showed a relatively even size distribution (n=73, 87%). CONCLUSION: The common USG findings of Kikuchi disease in the pediatric population of our study were multiple conglomerated unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy showing perinodal fat swelling and even size distribution.
Abscess ; Blood Sedimentation ; C-Reactive Protein ; Child* ; Female ; Fever ; Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytosis ; Leukopenia ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Male ; Neck ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography

Sinusoidal hemangioma is a rare variant of cavernous hemangioma. Clinically, it develops in adults and predominantly in females, and presents as a solitary painless subcutaneous nodule. Histological finding of the sinusoidal hemangioma shows a well-circumscribed lobular architecture in the subcutaneous tissue. The lobulated mass is composed of dilated sinusoidal thin-walled vascular channels, which have a pseudopapillary pattern and back-to-back arrangement without much intervening stroma. We report a case of sinusoidal hemangioma which can be differentiated from the other vascular tumors and has never been reported in Korea.
Adult ; Female ; Hemangioma* ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; Humans ; Korea ; Subcutaneous Tissue

We herein describe a 70-year-old woman who presented with respiratory failure due to extensive lung adenocarcinoma. Despite advanced disease, care in the intensive care unit with ventilator support was performed because she was a newly diagnosed patient and was considered to have the potential to recover after cancer treatment. Because prompt control of the cancer was needed to treat the respiratory failure, empirical treatment with an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor was initiated before confirmation of EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma, and the patient was successfully treated. Later, EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma was confirmed.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Lung* ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Erlotinib Hydrochloride