Objective To investigate the cognition on patient safety culture of resident doctors re-ceiving standardized training in two affiliated hospitals, analyze the effectiveness of publicity and education in patient safety culture and put forward suggestions for improvements. Methods A total of 913 resident doctors receiving standardized training in the two affiliated hospitals during 2014 to 2016 were enrolled. Their cognition on patient safety culture were investigated using questionnaire surveys from May to October in 2016, and the main factors influencing the cognition on patient safety culture in standardized training were put forward through expert interviews. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 17.0 software with Chi-square test. Results The response rate of the questionnaire was 87.62％ (800/913). Three factors were involved in the patient safety system, including the hospital security objectives, security feedbackchannels, and adverse event warning mechanism. The cognitiive level of A hospital (68.96％, 62.52％, 62.81％) was higher than that of B hospital (52.99％, 46.16％, 47.01％), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The publicity of pre-service training, education in the department, and encouragement from teachers (82.13％, 84.48％, 78.33％) was better in A hospital than in B hospital (68.38％, 71.8％, 62.39％) (P<0.05). The reporting rate of adverse events in A hospital was higher than that in B hospital (P <0.05). Conclusion It is necessary for hospitals to further intensify the publicity and education on patient safety culture. We can improve students' cognition on patient safety culture to reduce medical errors by cre-ating a favorable atmosphere, establishing standardized admission education and training system, improving teachers' teaching ability, and strengthening the training for clinical skills.