Efforts have been directed at the development of efficient protocols for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic β-cells.This review focuses on the mechanism of RA,BMP,FGFs,IDE1,IDE2,ALK-i 1 and ALKI-2 during the process in which pluripotent stem cells differentiate to pancreatie β-cells and the relationship between the differentiation and the expression of the surface markers including CD14,CD49e,CD238,CD24,EpCAM,SSEA3 and SSEA1 in the different stage of this process.

As a newly identified T helper cell subset, Th9 plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity. Th9 can be differentiated from CD4+T cells that have been induced by TGF-beta and IL-4. In addition, other CD4+T helper cell subsets can be developed to Th9 cell in particular situations, thereby showing its plasticity. Results of animal experiments have indicated that Th9 inhibits tumor growth and plays a significant role in anti-tumor immunity by secreting related cytokines such as IL-9. A few cytokines and molecules can regu-late the differentiation and development of Th9 cells in different signaling pathways. This review will focus on the production, anti-tu-mor immunity, related mechanism, and signaling pathways of Th9 cells, thereby providing a new field of vision and idea for anti-tumor therapy in the future.

0.05).As for patients' age the old age group had the statistical significance vs the non-old age group(P

Objective To investigate the effects of prostaglandin E1 on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sepsis patients.Methods One hundred and twenty cases of sepsis in ICU of our hospital were assigned to the groups:A,B,C and D,30 cases in each group.On the basis of conventional therapy,group A was added with prostaglandin El+ Xuebijing injection.The group was treated with prostaglandin E1,while the group C was treated with Xuebijing injection.The changes of APACHE Ⅱ score,Marshall score,anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors,mechanical ventilation time,ICU treatment time,28 d mortality rate in the 4 grups were observed and compared among 4 groups.Results The APACHE Ⅱ score and Marshall score after treatment in 4 groups were significantly decreased compared with before freatment (P＜0.05),Compared with the group B,C and D,The decrease of APACHE Ⅱ score,Marshace score,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α levels was more significantly(P＜0.05),While the IL-10 level was significantly increastol(P＜0.05);duration of mechanical ventilation,length of stay ICU in were significantly shorter (P＜0.05),28 d mortality was significantly lower (P＜0.05).Conclusion Prostaglandin E1 combined with Xuebijing injection can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response in septic patients and promote the recovery of patients,reduces the mortality rate.

Chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy are essential components of medical oncology. Al-though cancer patients significantly benefit from the emergence of various new anticancer drugs, none of these treatments can directly address drug resistance. Radiation therapy is one of the three conventional cancer treatment methods. Nearly two-thirds of cancer pa-tients accept radiation therapy during treatment. However, radiation resistance is a significant barrier affecting the therapeutic effect of this procedure. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biologic process that enables a polarized epithelial cell to undergo multi-ple biochemical changes. These changes enable the cell to assume the functions of a mesenchymal cell phenotype. These functions have been extensively studied and are related to embryogenesis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis. In recent years, increasing evidence sug-gests that EMT is closely linked with tumor treatment resistance. The study of the relation between EMT and tumor treatment resistance is expected to contribute to the prevention of drug resistance and radiation resistance and thus improve treatment efficacy to provide benefit to cancer patients. This article explores this issue.

Objective To investigate the expression of CD34 and its clinical significances in different types of thymic tumor.Methods The expressions of CD34 in 61 thymic tumor tissues were detected by SP immunohistochemical method,then,the MVD was calculated.The patients included 7 cases of type A,9 cases of type AB,16 cases of type B1,10 cases of type B2,10 cases of type B3 and 9 cases of type C according to 2004 WHO Classification of thymic tumor.Results CD34 expression level was significantly increased from type A to type C.The MVDs were 3.78±2.12,5.72±2.79,7.51±3.34,10.89±5.10,12.31±4.08 and 16.51±6.24 in A,AB,B1,B2,B3 and C type of thymic tumor (F =2.048,P =0.047).The expression level in B2+B3+C type was significantly higher than A+AB+B1 type (t =6.034,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The expression of CD34 in different types of thymic tumor suggests that it may take some action in tumor-associated angiogenic function.Detection of CD34 may be useful to evaluate malignancy of thymic tumor.

Small cell lung cancer ( SCLC ) is one common type of lung cancer in China. No remarkable progress has been made in systemic therapy for SCLC since the 90’ s. However, there are some advances in radiotherapy ( RT) for SCLC, which make it possible to improve treatment outcomes of SCLC. Those advances are mainly made in thoracic RT and prophylactic cranial irradiation for extensive?stage SCLC, radiation dose and technology of thoracic RT for limited?stage SCLC, and significance of prophylactic cranial irradiation for early?stage SCLC. The paper reviews the research advances in the East and West to provide some help and references for readers.

Objective To study the relation between Child Turcotte classification and pathology, diagonsis, prognosis and fibrosis index as well as its significance. Methods The levels of hyaluronic acid(HA), type Ⅲ procollagen(PCⅢ), Laminin(LN) and type Ⅳ collagen(Ⅳ C) were detected by enzyme linked immunoadsordent assay(ELISA) or radioimmunoassay(RIA). Pathomorphology was observed in 68 patients with cirrhosis. Results Level of HA in serum was positively correlated with cirrhotic severity, but other fibrosis indexes could not reflect cirrhotic severity. Child Turcotte classification was concordant with the pathological changes. The concordance rate of Child Turcotte classification B or C patients with pathologic diagnosis was up to 97.8%. The recovery rate of Child Turcotte classification A patients was up to 95.5%. Fatality rate of Child Turcotte classification C patients was up to 96.9%. Conclusion Child Turcotte classification is closely correlated with the severity of hepatic fibrosis, severity of pathological changes in liver and prognosis of patients. It is of clinical value in the reflection of severity of hepatic cirrhosis.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the occurrence of bully/victim incidents among children and to explore children's implicit attitudes towards the phenomenon of being bullied.These children were grouped into 4 types,which were the bully children,the victim children,the bully/victim children and the non-involved children,respectively.Methods The stratified cluster sampling method was used to extract 1 100 pupils from 3 primary schools in Henan area.The 1 100 children were investigated with bully/victim questionnaire (pupil version).Among them,78 children who were involved in bullying(including 30 bully children,18 victim children and 30 bully/victim children) and 29 non-involved children were selected and investigated with implicit association test(IAT).Results 1.Among all the 1 029 effective participants,74 were the bully children,121 were the victim children and 101 were the bully/victim children.The total number of those were in bullying amounted to 296,which meant that about 28.8％ (296/1 029 cases) children were involved in the issue of bullying.2.In general,the subjects showed significant differences between compatible task reaction time (1 324.083 ± 458.373) ms and incompatible task reaction time (1 463.963 ± 501.254) ms in IAT (t =3.063,P ＜ 0.01).3.Among the 4 types of children,bully/victim children showed significant differences between compatible task reaction time(1 237.838 ±449.731) ms and incompatible task reaction time (1 428.754 ± 539.634) ms in IAT (t =2.301,P ＜ 0.05).Non-involved children also showed significant differences between compatible task reaction time (1 512.389 ± 557.354) ms and incompatible task reaction time (1 777.404 ± 441.373) ms in IAT(t =3.129,P ＜ 0.01).4.Bully children didn't show obvious differences between compatible task reaction time (1 304.007 ± 400.530) ms and incompatible task reaction time (1 287.236-± 405.017)ms in IAT (t =0.308,P ＞ 0.05).Victim children didn't show obvious differences between compatible task reaction time (1 178.900 ± 280.539) ms and incompatible task reaction time (1 292.635 ± 467.531) ms in IAT (t =0.821,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Children's implicit attitudes towards being bullied are negative,considering it as not good.Non-involved children and bully/victim children show more negative implicit attitudes towards being bullied.