OBJECTIVE:To study the identification problems of pharmacokinetic compartment models.METHODS:Problems of the identification of classical compartment models in single administration were systematically discussed by Laplace transformation method.RESULTS:The classical compartment models in single administration don't have the character of u-niqueness and the identification for which is a problem.CONCLUSION:The drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs were in a direct ratio under the condition of two kinds of unidentifiable classical compartment models,in that case,it has theoretic bases and significance to predict the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs by means of determining the drug concentration in plasma;if on the other hand,if two kinds of classical com-partment models are identifiable,the drug level in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs wouldn't be in a proportional relationship,in this case,it is advisable to make sure the relationship between the drug le_ vel in plasma and the concentration of drugs that distributed in organs or target organs before predicting drug concentration that distributed in organs or target organs by means of monitoring the drug concentration in plasma;otherwise,it is baseless and meaningless.

Objective To determine the correlations between breast ultrasonic and mammographic features and molecular classification of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma in young women.Methods A retrospective review of radiological,clinic-pathology features of breast cancers for women under 40 years at our hospital between January 2011 and May 2016 covering 94 patients.Mammography and ultrasound were available for all 94 patients.Results On sonography,basal like type tumours more often appeared as oval or round masses and microlobulated or indistinct margins luminal type irregular mass and angular or spiculated margins(P =0.000,P =0.000).Basal like type masses were often with abrupt interface,luminal A type with echogenic halo (P =0.000).On mamography,HER-2 enriched type cancers more presented as microcal cification only,basal likc type more masses(P =0.002).Luminal typc masses were more often with spiculated or obscured margins,basal like with indistinct margins(P =0.000).Conclusion The imaging charasteristics of breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma in patients under 40 years appear correlated to breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of gastrointestinal carcinoma patients by mini-nutritional assessment(MNA),and to compare the relationship with different tranditional evaluative methods. Methods: The nutritional state and the malnutritional incidence were analysed by MNA questionnaire in 496 gastrointestinal carcinoma patients,and the relationship among MNA score and anthropometric measurements and laboratory test was studied.Results: ①According to the scores of MNA, 16.94%(84/496) patients were of mal-nutrition and 42.54%(211/496) patients were at risk of malnutrition.② In terms of each single index,BMI,TSF,AC and AMC,the prevalence of malnutrition was 13.5%,21.9%,15.1% and 15.5% respectively.③According to laboratory test,including serum albumin,PA,TLC,the incidence of malnutrition was 14.9%,25.4% and 30.8%.④ There was a significant correlation between the MNA score and tranditional nutritional estimated markers.The correlation coefficients of MNA with BMI,ALB,AC,TSF,AMC and TLC were between 0.18 and 0.53(P

H295R cells can express all the key enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones,and have the ability to produce the steroid hormones found in the adult human adrenal cortex. Good correlation of response to toxicity has been reported between H295R cell line and normal adult human adrenal cells. H295R cell line can be used to evaluate effects of chemicals on gene expression,enzymatic activities and hormone production,and to explore the mode of action of chemicals on steroidgenesis. H295R cell line has been suggested as a potentially useful tool for screening environmental steroid hormone disruptors in vitro. The application of H295R cell line for screening environmental steroid hormone disruptors in vitro and its current issues are reviewed in this article.

Objective: To investigate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and the underlying intracellular signal pathways. Methods: The plasmid pCI-neo-X that carries the X gene of hepatitis B virus was transfected into cultured GMCs. HBx expression in the transfected GMCs was assessed by Western-blot. TNF-α protein and mRNA were assessed by ELISA and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Three kinase inhibitors-U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs);lactacystin, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB);and SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK) were used to determine which intracellular signal pathways may underlie the action of HBx on TNF-αexpression in transfected GMCs. Results:A significant increase in HBx expression in pCI-neo-X transfected GMCs was detected at 36 h and 48 h, which was not affected by any of those kinase inhibitors mentioned above. A similar increase in the expression of both TNF-αprotein and mRNA was also observed at 36 h and 48 h, which was significantly decreased in the presence of U0126 or lactacytin, but not SB203580. Conclusions:HBx upregulates TNF-αexpression in cultured GMCs, possibly through ERKs and NF-κB pathway, but not p38 MAPK pathway.

Objective To study changes and meaning of serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma,TGF -beta 1 level in patients with delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning.Methods From January 2011 and June 2014 in our hospital,40 cases of DEACMP patients were selected as group A;the 40 patients with DEACMP was divided into 12 cases of mild cognitive dysfunction,mild cognitive dysfunction in 20 cases,8 cases of severe cognitive dysfunction.40 cases with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP)patients were selected as group B;40 cases of healthy subjects were selected as healthy controls.Serum interleukin 4 and interleukin 10(IL -4)(IL -10),interfer-on gamma (IFN -gamma),conversion,growth factor beta 1 (TGF -beta 1)content were tested.Results In Group A and group B serum IL -4 levels were lower than that of healthy controls (P <0.01),and serum levels of IL -10 in group B were higher than that in group A and healthy controls (P <0.01),serum level of IFN -gamma in group A and group B was higher than the healthy controls (P <0.01),and in group A IFN -gamma levels were higher than group B (P <0.01),while in group A serum TGF -beta 1 level was lower than B group and the control group (P <0.01),and in group B TGF -beta 1 level was higher than the control group (P <0.01);With cognitive impairment aggravating of DEACMP patients,IL -4,IL -10,TGF -beta 1 levels were on the decline,and IFN -gamma level was increasing (P <0.01).Conclusion DEACMP patients serum and cerebrospinal fluid of IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gam-ma,TGF -beta measures such as abnormal expression,showed that the onset of DEACMP may be related to neural immune injury.Serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma and TGF -beta of DEACMP patients exists abnormal expression Serum IL -4,IL -10,IFN -gamma and TGF -beta levels are also related to the degree of cognitive impairment of DEACMP patients.The onset and progress of DEACMP may be associated with neural immune injury.

Objective To study the changes in and correlations between the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and the coronary perfusion pressure during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) based on the cardiac arrest dog models of ventricular fibrillation by electric shock. Methods 36 healthy dogs were evenly randomized into 3 groups including 4 minutes close-chest CPR(CCCPR) group, 4 minutes open-chest CPR(OCCPR) group, and 8 minutes OCCPR group. There were 12 dogs in each group, half male and half female. In the process of CPR, all parameters about PETCO2 and CPP were recorded. Results In the 4 minutes CCCPR group, the correlation coefficient between the CPP and the PETCO2 was 0.992 (P<0.05), which was in positive linear correlation. In the 4 minutes OCCPR group, the correlation coefficient between the CPP and the PETCO2 was 0.937 (P < 0.05), which also showed positive linear correlation. In the 8 minutes OCCPR group, the correlation coefficient between the CPP and the PETCO2 was 0.952 (P<0.05), and was also in positive linear correlation. The percentage of ROSC was 66.7(8/12) in the 4 minutes CCOPR group, 100%(12/12) in the 4 minutes OCCPR group and 58.3%(7/12) in the 8 minutes OCCPR group. There were statistical differences in CPP, PETCO2 between models with ROSC and without ROSC at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mins of CPR (all P<0.05). Conclusions This research shows that there is a close positive linear relationship between the coronary perfusion pressure and the PETCO2, and PETCO2 could be used to evaluate the prognosis of the CPR.

The pathogenesis of drug-induced Iiver injury( DILI)remains uncIear. AccumuIating evidences in recent years showed that immunoIogicaI factors pIay important roIe in the pathogenesis of DILI. In this articIe,we summarized recent studies on immunoIogicaI factors invoIved in pathogenesis of DILI and compared the immunity mediated DILI with drug induced autoimmune hepatitis. The advances in study on immunoIogicaI factors in DILI wiII have significant impact on prevention and treatment of DILI and autoimmune hepatitis.

Objective To investigate the incidence of adult epilepsy patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the characteristics of ADHD subtypes, and to explore the correlations between several epilepsy-related factors with ADHD.Methods According to corresponding inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, 156 adult epilepsy patients who visited to Neurology Clinic of Zhejiang Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from March 2014 to October 2014 were enrolled as a study group to enter this test.Eighty-six nomal adults were enrolled as the control group who matched for the age, gender, inteligence quotient with the study group.Using the chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis and the other statistical methods to analyze the phenomenon of ADHD in adults with epilepsy and the factors that may contribute to the phenomenon.Results The detection rate of ADHD in 156 adult patients with epilepsy was 26.9％ (42/156), significantly higher than that in the heathly control group which was 4.7％ (4/86, x2 =17.862, P ＜ 0.05).Symptomatic epilepsy and the electroencephalogram showed multifocal discharge had higher detection rate of comorbid ADHD and the difference was statistically significant (The detection rate of idiophathic epilepsy was 22.1％ (21/95), symptomatic epilepsy was 46.7％ (14/30), cryptogenic epilepsy was 22.6％ (7/31), x2 =7.362, P =0.025.The detection rate of frontal epileptiform discharges was 30.6％ (11/36), temporal area was 25.9％ (14/54), central area was 18.2％ (4/22), multifocal epileptiform discharges was 46.2％ (12/26), the normal was 1/18, x2 =10.187, P =0.037).The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that epilepsy age of onset (B =-0.889, P =0.049) was possibly an important factor for epilepsy with ADHD.Conclusions The risk of ADHD occurred in adults with epilepsy is higher than that in the healthy adults and attention-deficit is the common subtype.The etiology, age of onset and electroencephalogram features of adults with epilepsy may be associated with the occurrence of ADHD.

Abodominal giant incisional hernia is the common complication of abdominal operations,and surgery is the only efficient treatment for it.It is important to treat the local complications,to use antibiotics and to assess the tolerance of increased intra-abdominal pressure before operation.Component separation technique is feasible to close the abdominal wall defect,which is one of the main difficuhies in giant heruia repair.After that,mesh repair with biological materials is recommended to enhance the abdominal wall.Although mesh repair techniques diversified,sandwich hernionhaphy seems superior.This paper will analyse the present treatment progress of abdominal giant incisional hernia.