Objective To assess the toxicity risks of diphenylchlorarsine (DA) to environments, human beings and livestock. Methods Totally 120 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and given DA by gastric gavage at the doses of 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22 mg/kg respectively for LD_(50) of DA in mice. The toxicity of DA in rat skin were evaluated by smearing 50 ?l DA at the concentrations of 140, 70, 35, 17.5, and 8.8 mg/ml to an area of 4 cm2, and that of eyes exposure was carried out by dropping 10 ?l DA of 140.7, 70, 7, 0.7 mg/ml in rat eyes. The counterpart skin area and eyes served as control. Results LD_(50) of DA in mice was 28.07 mg/kg, the estimated doses for no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOELs) were 8.8 mg/ml (0.44 mg) to the skin and 0.7 mg/ml (0.014 mg) to the eyes respectively. Conclusion DA can induce the injuries on the liver, kidneys, esophagus and stomach. High concentration of DA can cause inflammation of the skin and lens opacification, even blind.

Objective To investigate the association between serum betatrophin levels and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Methods A total of 31 healthy subjects (control group) and 35 newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients(new T2DM group) were recruited. Serum betatrophin was detected with the methods of ELISA, insulin resistance was assessed with homeostasis model(HOMA-IR). Results The levels of betatrophin, free fatty acids, HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in group B than those in group A (P<0.05). Conclusion Insulin resis-tance leads to elevated serum levels of betatrophin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To explore the effect of 6 common cytogenetic abnormalities on the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). Methods: Myeloma cells from a cohort of 532 newly-diagnosed MM patients enrolled were enriched by CD138 immunomagnetic beads, then detected 13q-, 17p-, 1q+, t (4;14), t (11;14) and t (14;16) and other common genetic abnormalities in MM by using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to compare the influence of different genetic abnormalities on their prognoses. Results: The rate of cytogenetic abnormalities was 78.20% (416/532) in 532 patients, of which 13q-accounted for 42.29% (225/532), 17p-16.35% (87/532), 1q+ 53.38% (284/532), t (4;14) 25.94% (138/532), t (11;14) 21.62% (115/532), t (14;16) 2.07% (11/532). Six kinds of cytogenetic abnormalities were analyzed, 13q- and 17p-, 1q+, t (4; 14), t (14;16) were all correlated (P <0.05). The univariate analysis indicated that 13q-, 1q+, t (4;14) and t (14;16) had a significant effect on progression-free survival (PFS), 13q-, 17p-, t (4;14) and t (14;16) had a marked influence on overall survival (OS). The multivariate analysis showed that 1q+, t (4;14) and t (14;16) were independent adverse factors of PFS, 17p-, t (4;14) and t (14;16) were independent unfavorable factors of OS. According to the independent prognosis factors number-based groups, the median PFS with 0, 1, 2, 3 independent prognosis factors of patients were 30.9, 28.4, 18.7 and 17.6 months (P =0.035) respectively, and the median OS were 54.4, 46.1, 38.0 and 21.2 months (P =0.004) respectively. Conclusion 1q+, 17p-, t (4;14) and t (14;16) were independent prognostic factors affecting the survival of MM patients. 13q-is often accompanied by 17p-, 1q + and (or) t (4;14) , simply 13q- was not an independent prognostic factor; the more number of independent prognostic factors, the worse the prognosis of patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of polyphyllin Ⅵ（PPⅥ） on the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells and potential mechanism. METHODS Using human glioma LN229 cells as objects， MTT assay was used to detect the survival rate after treated with different concentrations of PPⅥ [0 （control group）， 1， 2， 4， 8， 16， 32， 64 μmol/L] for different time （24， 48， 72 h）. The clone formation experiments were adopted to detect the number of cell clones and clone formation rate after being treated with different concentrations of PPⅥ [0 （control group）， 2， 4， 8 μmol/L] for 14 days. The flow cytometry and Western blot assay were used to detect the apoptotic rate of cells， the expressions of apoptosis-related protein [B cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax）， cleaved caspase-3]， and the expressions of related proteins of Fas/Fas ligand （FasL） death receptor pathway and protein kinase B （Akt）/glycogen synthesis kinase-3β （GSK-3β） pathway after being treated with different concentrations of PPⅥ [0（control group）， 4， 8 μmol/L] for 24 h. RESULTS Compared with the control group， the survival rate of cells， the number of clones and clone formation rate， the protein expression of Bcl-2， and the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK-3β protein were decreased significantly in different concentration groups of PPⅥ （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The apoptotic rate， the protein expressions of Bax， cleaved caspase-3， Fas， FasL and cleaved caspase-8 were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. CONCLUSIONS PPⅥ can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of human glioma LN229 cells， which may be related to the activation of the Fas/FasL death receptor pathway and the inhibition of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway.

Objective:To explore the application of the semi-flipped classroom combined with knowledge point auction learning method in the theoretical teaching among stomatological students and its effectiveness.Methods:Undergraduates from four classes at Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University were taken as research subjects. Students from two classes ( n=198) were taught using the semi-flipped classroom combined with the knowledge point auction learning method, while students from the other two classes ( n=172) were taught with the regular classroom teaching method as controls. Classroom quizzes were used to compare the two classes' mastery of important and difficult points, and a questionnaire was used to investigate students' feedback on the class outcomes. SPSS 22.0 was used for the independent samples t-test. Results:The mean test score of the experimental class was higher than that of the control class (88.51±11.02 vs. 80.40±8.53). The results of the questionnaire showed that students' interest in the course, comprehension and absorption of knowledge points, degree of satisfaction with the class, and mastery of the contents in sections in the experimental class were significantly higher than those in the control class (7.28±1.51 vs. 9.10±0.73, 6.92±1.44 vs. 8.69±1.62, 6.09±1.87 vs. 7.61±1.46, 6.40±1.04 vs. 7.70±0.86 ).Conclusions:The semi-flipped classroom combined with the knowledge point auction learning method is innovative and achieves good teaching outcomes. It holds promise for wider use in the theoretical teaching of various clinical subjects. To explore the application of the semi-flipped classroom combined with knowledge point auction learning method in the theoretical teaching among stomatological students and its effectiveness.

Epigenetic modification plays an important role in the biological regulatory process of eukaryotic cells. Tumor immunotherapy is an important means and clinical strategy for the treatment of some cancers. 5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is an important component of the epigenetic regulatory network discovered after m6A and has become a new topic for life science research in recent years. The m5C methylation of RNA can affect the fate of the modified RNA molecules and play an important role in various biological processes, including RNA stability, protein synthesis and transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have shown that m5C writers, erasers and readers are related to a variety of cellular biological processes and systemic diseases, including the occurrence, metastasis and tumor immune microenvironment. m5C methylation can widely affect gene expression and the biological process of tumorigenesis and development at multiple levels, but its specific mechanism and potential interaction with other epigenetic modifications in tumor immunotherapy are still unclear, and its regulatory mechanism, risk assessment and role in targeted therapy for malignant tumors need to be further studied. This article will review the dynamic regulatory network of m5C, the biological role of m5C modification in solid tumors and potential targets in tumor immunotherapy.

Objective: To analyze the significance of serum free light chain (sFLC) for the prognosis of the patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Methods: The clinical data of 621 NDMM patients in Changzheng Hospital from June 2010 to December 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. The serum free light chain levels were measured and the ratios of κ/λ chains were calculated. The significance of serum free light chain ratio (sFLCR) for the prognosis of NDMM patients was analyzed. Results: Among the 621 NDMM patients, 42 patients (6.8%) were in the normal free light chain ratio group (0.26≤sFLCR≤1.65), 247 patients (39.8%) were in the low free light chain ratio group (0.01＜sFLCR＜0.26 or 1.65＜sFLCR＜100), and 332 patients (53.5%) were in the high free light chain ratio group (sFLCR≤0.01 or sFLCR≥100). Compared with normal sFLCR group, the abnormal sFLCR group showed low level of hemoglobin; elevated levels of bone marrow plasma cells, serum creatinine and β 2 -MG, and more patients were in DS stage Ⅲ and ISS stage Ⅲ with high risks of cytogenetics(all P＜0.05). The overall survival (OS) in the normal sFLCR group was significantly better than the abnormol sFLCR groups (not reached vs 58.7 months, P=0.043). Compared with the patients with both high sFLCR and low risks of cytogenetics, the patients with high sFLCR and high risks of cytogenetics showed shorter overall survival time (median OS time was 41.6 months vs 61.4 months, P=0.015). Conclusion The NDMM patients with significantly abnormal sFLCR may indicate more tumor load and higher aggressive progression. sFLCR should be an independent prognostic indicator for the outcome of multiple myeloma. The patients with high sFLCR and cytogenetic abnormalities, have worse prognosis than the others.

Five new saponins, including three steroid saponins, paristenoids A-C (1-3), and two triterpenoid saponins, paristenoids D-E (4-5), along with four known ones (6-9) were isolated from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. stenophylla. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified mainly by detailed spectroscopic analysis, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR, MS, as well as chemical methods. Compound 3 is a new cyclocholestanol-type steroidal saponin with a rare 6/6/6/5/5 fused-rings cholestanol skeleton, and this skeleton has been first found from the genus Paris. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against three human three glioma cell lines (U87MG, U251MG and SHG44) were evaluated, and compound 7 displayed certain inhibitory effect with IC₅₀ values of 15.22 ± 1.73, 18.87 ± 1.81 and 17.64 ± 1.69 μmol·L^-1, respectively.
Humans ; Rhizome/chemistry* ; Steroids/chemistry* ; Liliaceae/chemistry* ; Saponins/chemistry* ; Triterpenes/analysis*

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of serum free light chain ratio (rFLC) and difference (dFLC) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) . Methods: Clinical data of 479 cases of newly diagnosed MM patients with FLC test records referred to our hospital from January 2012 to March 2016 were collected. rFLC preferred cut-off values were selected as≤14.828,14.828-364.597, ≥364.597 according to the literatures. The dFLC was divided into ≤112.85,112.85-2891.83, ≥2891.83 mg/L three groups. The rFLC and dFLC values among the death, the non-death, the progress and the non-progress groups were compared by t test. The correlation analysis showed that the rFLC and dFLC values were related to the death or progression of the disease. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between each factor and death or progression. Univariate survival analysis (PFS) and total survival (OS) were performed using Kaplan-Meier. Single-variable and multivariate prognostic analysis were performed using Cox model. Results: The cutoff values of rFLC less than 14.828 or dFLC less than or equal to 112.85 mg/L impacted most significant on OS and PFS of the patients (P<0.05) . Different rFLC cut-off values between two groups showed that when rFLC=14.828, OS was significantly better than the other two groups (NR vs 61 & 47 months, P=0.019) ; different dFLC cut-off values between two groups disclosed that PFS and OS were statistically significant when dFLC less than or equal to 112.85 mg/L compared with the other two groups (P<0.05) . The 4-year PFS/OS rates in the initial dFLC≤112.85 mg/L and rFLC≤14.828 groups was significantly higher than of the other two groups. Conclusion Different cutoff levels of rFLC and dFLC might have obviously effects on the prognoses of patients with newly diagnosed MM. The difference of survival prognosis would be more pronounced when rFLC≤14.828 or dFLC≤112.85 mg/L with lower risk of death and lower risk ratio, which might be ideal cutoff value for determining the prognosis of these patients.