All of the thrombolytic agents currently approved for use in humans are plasminogen activators, the application of which is limited by bleeding complications at vascular injury sites and plasminogen content in the thrombus. Plasmin is rapidly neutral-ized in the circulation by α2-antiplasmin and tolerated without bleeding. With the application of catheter-based delivery, the unique bio-chemical properties of plasmin make it a safe and effective direct fibrinolytics. Plasmin derivatives, including miniplasmin,Δ-plasmin and microplsmin, display more thrombolysis efficacy and better hemostatic safety in preclinical study and clinical trials. This review sum-marizes the current information on plasmin and its derivatives, including the advances on biochemical properties, preclinical and clinical trials.

Objective To investigate the best operative approach in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) by comparing surgical effects of median sternotomy, trans-sternal surgery and video-assisted thoracoscope surgery (VATS). Methods One hundred and nine patients who received thymectomy for MG were divided into median sternotomy group,trans-sternal group and VATS group according to the way of operative incision. The clinical features, such as operative time, operative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume and drainage time, postoperative hospitalization time, postoperative pulmonary infection, incisional infection, MG crisis, postoperative chronic pain and upper limb's movement disorder were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the effect of the surgery. Results The operative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume and drainage time,and incisional infection in VATS group [(77.5 ± 18.0) ml, ( 100.8 ± 11.8) ml,( 2.3 ± 0.5 ) d, 0 ] were superior to those in trans-sternal group[ (97.4 ± 14.3 ) ml, ( 175.8 ± 18.3 ) ml, ( 3.1 ±0.7 ) d, 6.2% ( 2/32 ) ] and median stemotomy group [ ( 130.1 ± 24.0) ml, ( 379.0 ± 45.6 ) ml, (4.2 ± 0.6) d,13.8% (9/65)] (P ＜0.05),and median sternotomy group was the worst. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection, MG crisis, upper limb's movement disorder and postoperative hospitalization time in VATS group were superior to those in trans-sternal group and median sternotomy group (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Three mini-incision surgical approaches are safe, feasible and effective. VATS is more advantageous and is worth popularizing in large and medium-sized hospitals. Trans-sternal surgery is the better choice for primary hospitals without advanced technology and equipments.

Objective To discuss the value of Valsalva experiment combined with improved MRI tilt tomography applying on the pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube opening function of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods 1 7 cases with patholog-ically proved NPC underwent conventional MRI plain and enhanced scan.In the eustachian tube area oblique transection T2 WI and T1 WI scanning was done before and after the Valsalva experiment.The invasion of eustachian tube and its surrounding structures was analyzed and the eustachian tube function was evaluated.Results Valsalva experiments combined with improved MRI trans-verse oblique scan could clearly display the whole structure of the eustachian tube and surrounding tissue invasion compared with conventional scanning MR scan.And it could better evaluate the eustachian tube opening function for patients suffered nasopharynge-al carcinoma.Conclusion Valsalva experiments with improved MRI oblique transverse imaging could achieve individualized scan of the eustachian tube,and could be used for evaluating the pharyngeal opening function of eustachian tube in patients with nasopharyn-geal carcinoma.

Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global public health problem due to its highly contagious nature. This article aims to discuss the current situation of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for traditional Chinese medicine research and scientific and standardized treatment of COVID-19.In this article, the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment plan and research progress were summarized, analyzed and concluded by retrieving and reviewing the literature and clinical reports related to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has obvious effects in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression, which had the unique advantages of mild curative efficacy and safety. It has important practical significance in relieving patients' early symptoms and reducing the incidence of progression from mild to severe, and had great potential for development in the treatment of COVID-19. The traditional Chinese medicine intervention and the formulation of diagnosis and treatment plans for the COVID-19 need to be continuously optimized and improved. Scientific and rational application of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat COVID-19, optimization diagnosis and treatment programs, and in-depth exploration of pharmacological mechanisms, especially the provide reference for early intervention of new coronavirus pneumonia by traditional Chinese medicine, the control of disease progression in the middle stage, and improve prognosis in the late stage with Western medicine.

Objective To explore post-effect of acupuncturing ST36 (Zusanli) on brain functional connectivity. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers participated in this experiment. The fMRI data taken before and 25 minutes after removed acupuncturing stimulation were analyzed, while posterior cingulated cortex were chosen as seed points. Results At 25 minutes after removed acupuncturing stimulation, new increased functional connectivity were found in the left paracentral lobule, right superior parietal lobule and right postcentral gyrus. After acupuncture, there was intensity functional connectivity greater than in primary brain regions. Conclusion Post-effect of acupuncture can increase functional connectivity in healthy volunteer's brain.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the initiator of RNA interference and inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation of specific messenger RNA. siRNA-mediated gene regulation has high efficiency and specificity and exhibits great significance in the treatment of diseases. However, the naked or unmodified siRNA has poor stability, easy to degrade by nuclease, short half-life, and low intracellular delivery. As an emerging non-viral nucleic acid delivery system, ionizable lipid nanoparticles play an important role in improving the druggability of siRNA. At present, one siRNA drug based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles has been approved for the treatment of rare disease. This review introduces the research progress in ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, focusing on the effect of each component of lipid nanoparticles on the efficiency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which provides new references for the studies on ionizable lipid nanocarriers for siRNA delivery.

The development and status of acupuncture-moxibustion in Turkey in the fields of education, legal establishment, treatment, etc. are introduced. There are four distinguished features of acupuncture-moxibustion development in Turkey: (1) The geographical position of the country as the link of Europe and Asia, has resulted in the special feature of acupuncture-moxibustion transmission and development. It combines both the traditional theories from the East and the modified and modern techniques from the West. (2) The combination of theories and clinical practice started when acupuncture-moxibustion was first introduced. (3) The application of acupuncture-moxibustion has gone through a process from spontaneous transmission among the people to legalization by the government, from disorderly to orderly, and from market behavior to government-lead regulation, which has powerfully promoted healthy development of the medicine. (4) Acupuncture-moxibustion education provided by registered universities has guaranteed the quality of the education itself and the competency of the professionals. It has raised the scientific and normative character of application and increased the credibility of the people, and also has ensured the sustainability of acupuncture-moxibustion development by providing qualified professionals.
Acupuncture ; education ; Acupuncture Therapy ; trends ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; trends ; Turkey

The genotypes of extended spectrum β-laetamases(ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases produced by Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from chloebia gouldiae were determined to elucidate the evolution mechanism of the resistant genes.The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 antibacterial drugs against the Enterococcus gallinarum were detected with two dilution method,and the ESBLs and AmpC β-lactamases from the bacterium were amplified by PCR using the primers of TEM,SHV,CTX-M,ACC,CIT,DHA,EBC,FOX and MOX,respectively.The PCR products were cloned and then the cloned fragments were sequenced to identify their genotypes and subtypes.The bacterium was proved to be a ESBL-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacterium,showing severe resistant to the other drugs,except the third and forth cephalosporins,carbopenems and fosfomycin.Compared with that of AJ847364 (TEM-116),the sequence of the TEM-type was characterized by two nucleotide mutations (512T→A and 695A→C),which led to two mutations of amino acids(17111e→Lys and 232Lys→Thr),showing that the detected TEM-type was a new genotype,the sequence of the AmpC β-lactamase was similar to that of EF078894 (ACT-like type)with a 97% homology.The genotype of ESBLs of Enterococcus gallinarum was a new TEM-type derived from the TEM-type ESBLs of klebstella pneumoniae isolated from the same avian.The genotype of AmpC lactamase was ACT-type,which probably concerned with β-1actam antibiotics used.

OBJECTlVE To study the effect of eucaIyptus oiI on fetus skeIetaI deveIopment of retin-oic acid( RA)induced teratogenic rats. METHODS Forty-two pregnant SD rats were randomIy and equaIIy divided into 6 groups:eucaIyptus oiI 100,200 and 300 mg·kg-1+RA groups,soIvent group(peanut oiI+RA)group,RA group and normaI group with normaI diet. Three eucaIyptus oiI and soIvent groups were ig given eucaIyptus oiI in 100,200,and 300 mg·kg-1 and peanut oiI 2 mL at the 7th to 14th day of gestation,respectiveIy,and RA 40 mg·kg-1 at the 10th day of gestation. RA group were ig given RA 40 mg·kg-1 at the 10th day of gestation. AII pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 21th day. The Iength of fetus body and taiI as weII as body mass of the embryos were measured. 1/ 2-1/ 3 fetaI rats from each Iitter were randomIy extracted to observe skeIetaI deveIopment under a stereoscope by staining with aIcian bIue and aIizarin red S. The Iength of Iimbs and bone ossification was measured. RESULTS The fetus body mass,body Iength,taiI Iength of normaI group significantIy surpassed those in the other groups(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01). The fetus body mass and body Iength of each eucaIyptus oiI group were significantIy better than RA group(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01). The fetus body mass,body Iength and taiI Iength of soIvent group were not significantIy different from those in the RA group. The fetus taiI Iength in eucaIyptus oiI groups had no significant difference compared with RA group. The Iimb and bone ossification of normaI group were Ionger than in RA group(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01). The Iimb Iength of the eucaIyptus oiI groups was Ionger than in RA group and soIvent controI group(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01),but there was no difference between the soIvent controI group and RA group. The Iimb ossification of each eucaIyptus oiI group was aIso Ionger than that in RA group and soIvent controI group(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01),but there was no difference between the soIvent controI group and RA group. CONCLUSlON EucaIyptus oiI can antagonize the retardation of skeIetaI growth and ossification of fetaI rats caused by RA.

This study was aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of nano-realgar in treatment of systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) lupus nephritis (LN). Intragastric administration of equal volume of high-, middle-, low-dose nano-realgar suspension, and normal saline (NS) were given to MRL/lpr mice, respectively. The observations were made on levels of ANA, ds-DNA antibody, IgG and IgM in blood serum, as well as TWEAK, NF-κB, MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in renal tissues. The results showed that compared with the NS group, levels of ANA, ds-DNA antibody, IgG and IgM were obviously reduced (P < 0.05); the levels of TWEAK, NF-κB and MCP-1 mRNA were obviously reduced (P < 0.05); the protein expression levels of TWEAK, NF-κB and MCP-1 mRNA were obviously reduced (P < 0.05) in the high-, middle-, low-dose nano-realgar group. It was concluded that nano-realgar intervened the TWEAK-NF-κB signal pathway through downregulating MCP-1 expression among MRL/lpr mice, in order to reduce the levels of ANA, ds-DNA antibody, IgG and IgM for relieving autoimmune damages in the treatment of SLE (LN).