Payment system reforms have become an important part of Chinese healthcare reforms, and global budget has been seen as a major trend. Based on the practice and data of four pilot hospitals in Beijing which have implemented the global budget, this paper focuses on analyzing the effects of implementation on the following aspects and provides references for policy improvements: medical services, average medical cost, total health expenditure, medical cost structure, average length of stay and out-of-pocket expense percentages.

Objective:To study the relationships between age,the state of genital tract and vaginitis,cervical erosion and vulvae leukoplakia in married women.Methods:Gynecologic inspection and laboratory examination were performed in 1 253 patients diagnosed vaginitis,cervicitis and vulvae leukoplakia in a women screen in a certain area in Chongqing in 2007.Statistics analysis was made by SAS8.1.Results:Of 1 253 patiens,45.89% had vaginitis,44.69%,cervical erosion,and 3.35%,vulvae leukoplakia,6.07%,the other conditions.Age,vaginal cleanness degree,candida infection were risk factors of vaginitis;Age,vaginal cleanness degree were related to cervical erosion and vulvae leukoplakia.Conclusion:Vaginitis,cervical erosion and vulvae leukoplakia should arouse more attention in the prevention and treatment of women genital tract disease in the future,and the standard etiology treatment should be performed to get microcosmic ecological balance.The perfect control and monitoring system for gynecologic disease should be established,and service quality of women health care should be improved.

Medical metrology work is the base of quality control for hospital medical equipment.It guarantees the accuracy of hospital medical instruments.It is important to set up a complete management system for hospital metrology institutions.

AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens ( IOL ) implantation for cataract patients after corneal refractive surgery, and to compare the accuracy of the different refractive IOL.
METHODS:The data of 120 myopia cases (160 eyes) in our hospital, who underwent cataract surgery and corneal refractive surgery were analyzed. Corneal curvature K value before corneal refractive surgery were obtained and calculated by using history method. Corneal curvature correction numerical method and corneal topography were used to record K value of patients with incomplete data before and after treatment. The K value was substituted into the formula. By comparing the actual cataract surgery and refractive state expected refractive status (-0. 50D), the accuracy of IOL refractive obtained from three methods was compared.
RESULTS: The average best corrected visual acuity before cataract surgery was 0. 25 ± 0. 05, and it was improved ( 0. 80 ± 0. 05 ) after surgery. The average spherical equivalent (SE) was -1. 98±1. 75 before surgery and +0.85±3.38 after surgery (P<0.05). The K values of 48 cases were calculated by clinical history method ( CHM ) and that of 73 cases was calculated with the adjusted keratometry method ( AKM) . The K values of 39 cases were calculated using the corneal topography method ( CTM) .
CONCLUSION: For patients with corneal refractive surgery, the appropriate method can be selected according to clinical symptoms, history, etc. and this may help to accurately calculate IOL. For patients with complete data, CHM can be used to provide corneal K values, while for those with incomplete data, AKM and CHM can be used.

Objectives To explore the effects of control measures and dynamic prevalence of drinking water endemic fluorosis in China, to provide basis and technique support for endemic fluorosis control in China. Methods The survey was carried out according to the national surveillance Scheme of Endemic Fuorosis. The fulfillment of control measures and the quality of water improving projects were surveyed. Household water sample and urine of children aged 8-12 years were collected and fluoride content was detected by iron selective electrode method. Check the teeth of children aged 8-12 years. Dental fluorosis was diagnosed by Dean's method. Results projects were build in 84 endemic villages in 2006, and the average water improving rate came to 73.98% fluoride contents of half the surveyed spots were over the standard, mainly between 1.0-2.0 mg/L, and the urine controlled just in only few spots and it was in moderate or severe status in some endemic areas for many years. Conclusions Little progress of control measures in drinking water endemic fluorosis counties surveyed has been made in these two years. Projects of running out of status and over standard of water fluorosis are frequently seen. Dental fluorosis in many spots is not controlled.

The vaseularization of tissue-engineered bone is the key problem which the development and employment of large sized tissue-engineered bone.The vascular endothelial cell has a great effect on promoting vascularization in tissue-engineered bone.Vascularizations fall into two modes of vaseulogenesis and angiogenesis according to differences in source of endothelial cells.Co-culture of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells has better result than single culture of each kind of cells.Different ways of improving the vascularization,such as searching for new source of vascular endothelial cell,co-culture and in vivo experiment are investigated to meet the challenge of bone tissue engineering.

Image segmentation is a key step of image processing,and it is a hard work too. The experts of this field have tried to find a suitable algorithm for image segmentation for a long term,however,there is not a algorithm is generally accepted till now. J. Holland created genetic algorithm(abbreviation :GA) in 1973. This algorithm has been used in many fields successfully ,and has been introduced to image segmentation field by exports. The principles of image segmentation and algorithm are stated in this article. The author mainly expounded the application of GA in medical image segmentation field in recently years.

Objective To investigate the effects of pravastatin on the serum lipids, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 in apoE-/- mouse. Methods The atherosclerosis model of apoE-/- mouse was induced by high cholesterol diet;and the suspension of pravastatin was administered intragastrieally. After 8 weeks, the levels of serum TNFα and mRNA of aortic TNFα were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were tested by Western blot analysis and aortic histomorphology changes was observed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) stainning. Results In atherosclerosis model of apoE-/- mouse, the serum lipids, the levels of serum and aortic TNFα[(34.8±22.7) μg/L and (180.1±59.1 )μg/L], the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 and aortic histomorphology were obviously improved by pravastatin. Conclusions It is suggested that the pravastatin can reduce serum lipid, intervene the initiation step of atherosclerosis and regulate endothelial cells' apoptosis.

Oestrogen(E), oestrogen receptor (ER) and oestrogen induced proteins form a cellular signal transduction pathway. As a member of this pathway, PS2 protein has close relations with gastric cancer. To elucidate its role in the course of tumourigenesis and advancing may contribute to the insight into the tumourigenic mechanisms and signal-transduction therapy of the gastric cancer.

Caudal-type homeoboxgene transcription factor 2 is one member of the caudal- related homeobox family,is a transeription factors important in intestinal epithelial development and in the differentiation and maintenance of the intestinal phenotype.In adulthood,these two proteins are strictly confined to the gut and are predominantly expressed by the epithelium of the small intestine and colon,but not by the normal epithelium of the oesophagus and stomach.In intestinal metaplasia,caudal-type homeohoxgene transcription factor 2 upregulation can be a direct effect of injurious agents on epithelial cells and/or can be due to the inflammatory environment of EpM,exposure to acid and/or bile acids may activate caudal-type homeoboxgene transcription factor 2 expression in human esophageal epithelial cells through promoter demethylation,and ectopie caudal-type homeoboxgene transcription factor 2 expression in esophageal squamous epithelia.It has been suggested to play an important role with retinoic acid,MUC2,p63 gene,BMP4 and many other factors working together to promote the development of this process in intestinal metaplasia and cancers.