To analyze the specific mechanism of Jinxueyuan granules, the relationship between the Jinxueyuan granules increased the saliva secretion of xerostomia model SD rats and excitement of receptors were studied in this experiment. In the study, three groups of xerostomia model rats were successfully established by using M-receptor blockers-4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine (4-DAMP) and atropine, or adrenergic receptor blocker phentolamine; after the modeling, the medicine Jinxueyuan granules were gavaged. According to the clinical dose of Jinxueyuan granules and SD rats body surface area, the rats in atropine group were divided three dose groups respectively, namely low, medium and high dose of Jinxueyuan granules groups. The 4-DAMP group and phentolamine group were gavaged medium dose of Jinxueyuan granules. And the amount of salivary secretion for 150 minutes in all groups continuously were measured, and the effect of Jinxueyuan granules increased salivation and the relationship between characteristics and the receptors were observed; and submandibular gland tissue of the rats was isolated, then the effect of Jinxueyuan Granules for expression of the water channel protein aquaporin-5 (AQP5) in submandibular gland cells was analyzed by the Western blot technology. It was found that the saliva secretion of Jinxueyuan Granules groups was increased significantly, and compared with the saline control group, phentolamine group, 4-DAMP group and atropine group, difference was significant, P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between the low-dose of Jinxueyuan granules group and the saline group, but the medium dose of Jinxueyuan granules group had a significant difference, compared with the saline group (P < 0.05). In the time distribution of increasing saliva secretion, there was a significant difference between the saline and Jinxueyuan granules group in the saliva secretion (P < 0.05). After administration of Jinxueyuan granules, the expression of AQP5 protein in the submandibular gland cells expressing of treatment groups was increased, and compared with the blocker groups, there was a significant difference, P < 0.05. Except the atropine group, there was no significant difference in Jinxueyuan granules relieving the inhibition induced by blocks in phentolamine group and 4-DAMP group, compared with the saline group. Compared the AQP5 expression in three blockers groups, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of Jinxueyuan granules between phentolamine group and 4-DAMP group; but there was a significant difference between the atropine group and other groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, it was considered that the mechanism of Jinxueyuan granules increasing saliva secretion (effectiveness of nourishing Yin and generating body fluid ) possibly through the pathway mediated by muscarinic M receptor, especially M3 receptor, or adrenergic receptor, and increased expression of salivary gland AQP5 membrane, and then stimulate saliva production.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Rats ; Saliva ; secretion ; Salivary Glands ; drug effects ; secretion ; Xerostomia ; drug therapy ; metabolism

Candida albicans ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Extracellular Matrix ; metabolism

Coronary Restenosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Stents ; Thrombosis ; etiology

Animals ; Astragalus membranaceus ; Endotoxemia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Interferon-gamma ; analysis ; Interleukin-4 ; analysis ; Male ; Mice ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Th1 Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Th2 Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism

To study the regulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells by triptolide (TP) and the possible mechanism, by using qRT-PCR and Western blot, the AR mRNA and protein levels in TP treated LNCaP cells were detected, and the AR protein level in TP and NF-κB inhibitor treated LNCaP cells was also detected; a series of pGL3-AR promoter reporter gene vectors were built using restriction-free cloning method, and the vectors were employed to investigate the effects of TP on the transcriptional activity of AR promoter in LNCaP cells; the upstream proteins which may play regulatory roles were detected using western blot assay. After treated LNCaP cells with TP for 48 h, AR mRNA and protein expressions decreased with increasing TP concentration. The expression of AR target gene PART1 and prostate specific antigen (PSA) was also downregulated by TP treatment; a series of pGL3-AR promoter reporter vectors were constructed and validated by sequencing and luciferase activity; the results of dual luciferase reporter assay showed that TP downregulated AR at the transcriptional level; PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway which is associated with AR promoter activity was drowregulated by TP. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of AR in LNCAP cells was downregulated by TP, and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway may be involved in the regulation mechanism.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Diterpenes ; pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Epoxy Compounds ; pharmacology ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Male ; NF-kappa B ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Phenanthrenes ; pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptors, Androgen ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcriptional Activation

As a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been shown to regulate numerous metabolic pathways, which include playing an important role in bile acid metabolism, maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis when FXR is activated. With the prevalence of the glucose and lipids disorder, FXR attracts increasing attention. It may be a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders.
Bile Acids and Salts ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; metabolism

Colonic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Digestive System Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Humans ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; methods ; Rectal Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

Aged ; Dexmedetomidine ; pharmacology ; Extracorporeal Circulation ; Female ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVEAn optimal automatic selection method of permissible source region is proposed to reduce the ill-conditioned and ill-posed problems in the reconstruction of the light source in bioluminescence tomography.

METHODSThe 2D images captured by CCD are mapped into surface light irradiance distribution based on the light propagating model. The relation matrix between the source and light distribution is obtained by finite element method. Permissive source region is determined by using the automatic selection method proposed in this paper, and then Tikhonov regularization is applied to reconstruct the light source.

RESULTSThe center point distance between the optimal permissible source region and true source is 1.26 mm, and the center point error of the reconstructed light source and true source is 0.47 mm, the volume error is 9.13 mm3.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal permissive source region selection strategy is effective to locate the permissive source region close to the true source, and reduces the reconstructed error due to subjective orientation of permissible source region. This proposed method is the basis of high precision source reconstruction in bioluminescence tomography.

Humans ; Hypertension ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels