CD8+ T cells play an essential role in defending against viruses,intracellular bacteria,protozoal infections and clearance of tumors since almost all the nucleated cells express MHCⅠ molecule.Following antigen recognition,CD8+ T cells are activated and differentiated to different subsets of effector or memory cells,which could clear the pathogen and form long-term protection.Phenotypic markers,functional properties and anatomical locations are different among these CD8+ T cell subsets.They also show variation in surviving time,proliferation and effector functions when re-challenged with the pathogen or tumor.Multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional factors are involved in CD8+ T cells activation and differentiation,and will be discussed in this review.We will also briefly summary the clinical applications of T cells against tumor or pathogens.

Respiratory tract infection is the most common pediatric diseases,including respiratory infection caused by a virus for more than half.So far,the virus infection has no special medication,so prevention is particularly significant.This paper introduces that the common preventive methods of familiar respiratory virus and the investigative progress of the newest drugs in China,for the sake of improve the cognition of respiratory virus infection of the pediatrician and children's dependents.

Objective To explore the surface molecule changes of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat brain vascular endothelial cells. Methods The expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule\|1(VCAM\|1) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ⅱ molecules in the EAE rat brain vascular endothelial cells were tested by immunohistochemistry. The level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon\|?(IFN\|?) in defferent clinic grade EAE were tested by MTT [3\|(4 5\|dimethythiazol\|zyl)\|2\^5\|diphenyl) tetrazolium bromide] method. Results There were inducible expressions of VCAM\|1 and MHC class Ⅱ molecules in the EAE rat brain vascular endothelial cells compared with control. The sera of EAE rats possessed the activities of TNF and IFN\|?.Conclusion\ In the CNS inflammation, the change surface molecules in the brain vascular endothelial cells may suggest that it plays important roles in EAE pathogenesis.\;[

Objective To study effect of celecoxib on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and matrix metabolism of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis (OA).Methods Use a modified way of mechanical fixation to make rabbit OA model.Knee OA separated and extractd rabbit chondrocytes were and then culture in medium.The cultured chondroctyes were divided into the Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group and the celecoxib group, which were given 1％ DMSO and 10 μmol/L celecoxib respectively.After 48 hours' intervention, the protein expression and gene expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway related factors, including β-catenin,matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, collagen Ⅱ were detected.T-test was used for the comparison between the two groups.Results Compared with the control group, the levels of type Ⅱ collagen [(275±19) ng/ml vs (202±12) ng/ml, t=-6.21, P＜0.05] and proteoglycan [(58±12) ng/ml vs (30±3) ng/ml, t=-9.23, P＜0.05] significantly increased in celecoxib group (P＜0.05).Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the levels of β-catenin, MMP-3, MMP-13 mRNA and protein in celecoxib group were significantly reduced (P＜0.05).Conclusion In rabbit OA chondrocytes, celecoxib can inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, reduce downstream factors expression including MMPs, thereby increase the cartilage matrix type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycan levels.

Objective:To study the force system of teeth produced by utility arch and rocking-chair arch for the treatment of deep o-verbite.Methods:Finite element model of mandible,mandible teeth,edgewise brackets and arch was established,utility arch and rocking chair arch were applied respectively,the force direction and magnitude of molars and incisors was analyzed by ANSYS.Re-sults:When utility arch was used,incisors bear intrusive force and molars bear extrusive force.With the utility arch wire was giving intrusive force to canine,the intrusive force to incisors reduced,the extrusive force to the first molars increased.When adding the bracketed teeth,the intrusive force to incisors increased,but the extrusive force to the canines and the force direction of the molars changed.Conclusion:While the utility arch exerts intrusive pressing force to the canines,the intrusive force to the lateral incisors de-crease,therefore,pressing of canines shall be independently completed after completing pressing of incisors.Different application methods of rocking-chair arches will produce different force to teeth.With addition of teeth applied with rocking-chair arch,the force to lateral incisors and molars changes the most.

ObjectiveTo explore the incidence and relative factors of post-stroke depression (PSD).Methods128 patients with acute stroke were evaluated and investigated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (HAMD) and Neurologic Deficit Scale (NDS).ResultsThe incidence rate of PSD was 39.0%. PSD had positively relations to degrees of neurologic deficits and the location of focus, and not relation to sex.ConclusionPSD is the common complication of stroke and positively related to degrees of neurological deficits and the location of focus.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the training of clinical pharmacists in specialized hospitals. METHODS:Based on the characteristics of psychiatric patients,diseases and drugs ,we have discussed from the related links of the trained per-sons,the training targets,the training modes ,the training courses and so on .We have quantified the work of the trained pharma-cists to finish the training period. RESULTS:The cultivation of psychiatric clinical pharmacists take young pharmacists of high com-prehensive quality as the trained persons. They should study in the department of special clinical characteristics,be trained by the teaching team of physicians and pharmacists. After training they can better complete drug cases writing,drug education and other quantitative work. CONCLUSIONS:It shows that the training mode is in accordance with the characteristics of the state psychiatric hospital. This training mode is worth promoting.

Objective:Through animal experiments to observe the behavior and serum malondialdehyde(MDA)and total antioxidative capacity(T-AOC)content after electro-acupuncture "Baihui,Fengfu,Shenshu,Xuanzhong" Point of Alzheimer, s disease in rat.Method:Select forty Healthy adult Wistar rats,the Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups,model group,electro-acupuncture group,western medicine group,electro-acupuncture and western medicine group.Abdominal cavity injection of D-galactose in order to prepare the Alzheimer, s disease model rats.Electro-acupuncture group:acupuncture Baihui,Shenshu, Fengfu,Xuanzhong.Western medicine group:Piracetan intragastric administration one times a day.Every other day give the fixed and crawl for ten minutes.Electro-acupuncture and western medicine group:Accupuncture treatment and drug treatment are above all.Model group:Every day give the same fixed and crawl as electro-acupuncture group.Behavior and serum MDA,T-AOC levels tested after treatment.Results:electro-acupuncture group,electro-acupuncture and western medicine group could extend the incubation period,reduce the number of errors(P

Objective To explore the deficit features of verbal working memory of dyslexia children by comparing with normal children. Methods Seventeen normal children and fifteen dyslexia children finished the classic verbal n-back task which involved three memory updating difficulty levels. Results Dyslexia children ((81.7±7.0)%,(70.8±12.0)%,(60.0±7.0)%)performed worse than NC ((88. 6 ±6. 0)% , (83. 5 ± 7.0)% ,(75.6 ±9.0)%)in all memory updating levels(n = 0,1 ,2) (P<0.01). In the performances related to memory updating operating,when the difficulty of the updating rised dyslexia children(25. 9 ± 12. 0)% revealed greater decline than normal children(14.2 ± 12.0)% (P<0.01). Conclusion Dyslexia children demonstrate the deficit in the basic level of working memory, which was showed as the bad performance of n-back task in updating level zero, and also they had problems in memory updating,which was showed as the greater updating effect. Memory updating was regarded as the advanced procession of verbal working memory.

Maxillary transverse growth is inhibited by congenital cleft, early surgical scar strain, and oppression of lipmuscles in patients with cleft lip and palate. Clinical manifestations have shown severely constricted maxilla, insufficientmaxillary width, mismatch of upper and lower dental arches, and crossbite. Alveolar bone graft and arch expansion can effectively correct the deficiency in maxillary width. This paper discusses the timing and success rate of alveolar bone graft, as wellas the relationship between alveolar bone graft and arch expansion. Secondary alveolar bone graft is optimally performed beforepermanent canine eruption, especially when the teeth have formed between half and three quarters of their roots. Rapid maxillaryexpansion prior to alveolar bone graft is beneficial because this process increases the gap of the cleft, expands bone graft, andreduces the difficulty. However, the stability of this process remains controversial. Small-scale studies have reported that rapidmaxillary expansion after alveolar bone graft can open the midpalatal suture without bone graft loss. Slow maxillary expansioncan provide continuous light forces to reconstruct the bone. However, these studies are coordinated with fixed orthodontictreatment. Further research is necessary to determine the effects of maxillary expansion on long-term stability of teeth.
Alveolar Bone Grafting ; Bone Transplantation ; Cleft Lip ; Cleft Palate ; Dental Arch ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Maxilla ; Palatal Expansion Technique ; Time Factors ; Tooth Eruption