Penis is one of the most important components of male external genitalia.Congenital abnormalities and trauma may lead to genitourinary organ damage or default,which require reconstruction.With the development of tissue engineering(TE),penile corpora cavernosa tissue engineening has becoming the core of the penis reconstruction.Recent researches mainly focus on forming scaffolds and transplanting cells(including of endothelial cells and caveruosal smooth muscle cells). Recently, stem cell technology, gene therapy and nervous reconstructive techniques have been combined to promote the development of tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has been thought to be able to make possible the restoring and constructing of the structure and normal funetion of penile corpora cavernosa.This paper gives a review of the recent progress in associated researches on tissue engineering of the penile corpora cavernosa.

China ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Esophagus ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; methods ; trends

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of gastric cancer under gastroscopy.Methods From Jan.2005 to Dec.2010,160 patients were diagnosed of gastric cancer by endoscopic biopsy.Clinical data of these patients were retrospectively summarized and analyzed.ResultsThere is a high rate of HP infection [71.25％ (114/160)]in the 160 cases with gastric cancer,especially in males,and the infection rate increased with age( Z =2.303,P =0.021 ).For the general morphology of gastric cancer,it was mainly Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ-types for those below or equals to 35 years old(9 cases).The rate of Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types reduced and that of BorrmannⅠ& Ⅱ types increased with age.The ratio of male to female with gastric cancer was 2.26:1.However,the incidence of gastric cancer was higher in young female compared with young males.With the increase of age,the rate of prevalence of gastric cancer grew higher in males than in females ( Z =3.599,P ＜0.001 ).Incidence of gastric fundus-cardia and corpus cancer increased with age.Most patients had low-differentiation adenocarcinoma despite the specific sites of gastric cancer.However,the incidence of low-differentiation adenocarcinoma decreased with age(x2 =9.831,P=0.042).ConclusionThe development of gastric cancer is closely associated with HP infection.For the general morphology of gastric cancer,Borrmann Ⅲ & Ⅳ types decrease and Borrmann Ⅰ & Ⅱ types increase with age.The incidence of gastric cancer in male and that located at proximal stomach are increased with age.Moreover,the incidence of high-grade malignant gastric cancer is increased with age.

Kidney disease is very general in clinic, most of it has complex mechanism and is refractory, often with demonstrations of edema, proteinuria and blood urine, and it often recurs and develops over insufficiency and pathogeny. Analyzing the clinical demonstrations and treatment of kidney disease with“lung viscera state”in“Internal Classics”, we can find the theories have guide meaning on treating and preventing the recurrence and development of kidney diseases, such as “upper energizer developing and distributing flavors of five cereals”on treating proteinuria, “lung stretching water channels and down-flowing bladder”on treating edema,“Shaoyin belonging to kidney which connects with lung”on treating blood urine.

Objective To investigate the application value of the plasma homocysteine (Hcy) ,folic acid (FA) and vitamin B12 (VB12 ) levels in the patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD complicating impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) .Methods 80 triers screened by the inclusion criteria were divided into the simple CHD group (36 cases) and the CHD complicating IGT group(44 cases);70 healthy cases were taken as the controls .Hcy ,FA and VB12 levels were measured and the detection results were performed the statistical analysis .Results The Hcy level in both experimental groups were higher than that in the control group , the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) ,the positive rates were 94 .4% in the simple CHD group and 88 .6% in the CHD complicating IGT group respectively ;The plasma FA level in both experimental groups were lower than that in the control group ,meanwhile ,plasma Hcy level and FA level showed a negative correlation (P<0 .05);The VB12 level had no statistical differ-ence among 3 groups (P>0 .05) ,and the correlation analysis between the Hcy level in the two experimental groups with VB 12 had no statistical significance (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Plasma Hcy level in CHD and CHD complicating IGT is very high and negatively correlated with the FA level ,dynamically detecting the Hcy level has an important significance for early warning and treatment of CHD and CHD complicating IGT .

The health hazards of arsenic are various. Since children are in the period of rapid growth and development, nervous system is more vulnerable to the arsenic exposure in the environment.Not only does it increase the incidence of the corresponding disease in each system, but also results in neurotoxicological impairments including poor cognitive performance and disturbances in visual perception, psychomotor speed, attention, speech and memory. The progress in the field of effects of arsenic on children's health were reviewed in this article, it introduced the background of arsenic, human exposure pathways, metabolism of the human body,health hazards to children and biological monitoring.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of comfort nursing on the parents of children with laryngopharyngeal surgery.Methods Forty-seven parents were admitted for the study,they were divided into the control group(23 cases) and the experimental group(24 cases).The control group accepted routine nursing,while the experimental group accepted comfort nursing based upon routine nursing.The SAS,SDS scores and satisfaction degree were compared between the two groups.Results After the treatment,the SAS and SDS scores of all the parents got better compared with those before treatment.The differences were obvious.While the experimental group had a better improvement than the control group.Also the satisfaction degree of the experimental group was better than that of the control group.Conclusions Comfort nursing can relieve the discomfort and anxiety of the children patients and their parents,improve the adverse emotional state of them,promote recovery of children and improve the nursing quality.

Objective:To discuss the influence of organic selenium on the immune effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin(BCG). Methods:C57BL6/J mice were randomized into 4 groups:"BCG+Se"mice group were intracutaneously inoculated with BCG and orally fed with yeast-based selenium(Se);BCG mice group were immunized with BCG intracutaneously;Se mice group were im- munized with normal sodium and fed orally with Se;control mice group were immunized with normal sodium and fed orally water without Se.The mice were sacrificed after 4weeks or 8weeks to isolate the spleen mononuclear cells.T lympholeukocyte proliferation testing(stimulation index,SI),cytotoxic T lympholeukocyte(CTL)function testing as well as levels of IL-2 and IFN-?and mRNA levels of granzyme B and perforin were employed to assess the effect of vaccine for Mycobacterium tuber- culosis.They were determined by MTT assay,ELISA assay and RT-PCR,respectively.Results:The levels of 6 detected items in"BCG+Se"group and BCG group were significantly different from those in the control group(P

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network(NCCN)is an alliance of 21 world leading cancer centers in the U.S.A,working together to develop treatment guidelines for most cancers.The primary goal of all NCCN initiatives is to improve the quality,effectiveness,and efficiency of oncology practice so that patients can live better.The NCCN guidelines have become the most widely used in oncology practice.These guidelines are updated continually and are based upon evaluation of scientific data.The NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines have no Chinese version at present and were not yet used in our clinical practice.We are in an attempt to interpret the NCCN Esophageal Cancer Guidelines in conjunction with our clinical practice in the management of esophageal cancer.

Objective] To explore the application of “viscera state”theory in “Internal Classics”in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria. [Method] Clear up the“viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”related to TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria, combining with concerned thesis of doctors in the past dynasties, to analyse its application value in clinic. [Result] “Heart joining with smal intestine through the meridian and col ateras”,“smal intestine being organ of receiving food and digestion”, “kidney connects lung upward”, “spleen storing Ying”, “spleen Qi disperseing essence and returning to lung upward”,“liver storing blood”,“kidney being organ of water”and“kidney opening into 2 lower orifices”, such“viscera state”theories are helpful to correct position of hematuria in TCM, define the mechanism and correct the treatment; doctors in the past dynasties had development on this, which is proved by the modern clinic. [Conclusion]“Viscera state”theories in“Internal Classics”have important guiding meaning in TCM diagnosing and treating hematuria.