Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases caused by Coxsackie virus A16 (Cox A16) in Guangdong province from 2012 to 2016. Methods: The data of mild HFMD cases caused by Cox A16 were collected from 8 sentinel hospitals in 8 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong to estimate Cox A16 infection status and its population and time distribution characteristics. Results: (1) The highest estimated incidence of Cox A16 infection was in 2014 (113.0/100 000), followed by 2016 (86.4/100 000) and 2012 (79.1/100 000), while the estimated incidence was lower in 2015 (29.0/100 000) and 2013 (28.8/100 000). (2) Cox A16 was confirmed to be the predominant pathogen causing HFMD outbreaks (54.6%, 89/163). The number of outbreaks in the year with high incidence (28 outbreaks) was 11.2 times higher than that in the year with low incidence (2.5 outbreaks). (3) Across all age groups, the annual estimated incidence of Cox A16 infection decreased with age (trend χ(2)=853 905.63, P<0.01). The incidence was highest in age group 1 year (1 449.2/100 000), followed by that in age group 3 years (1 097.0/100 000), in age group 2 years (1 083.5/100 000), in age group 4 years (687.8/100 000) and in age group 0 year (604.9/100 000). Among the age groups <12 months, the estimated incidence increased with age (trend χ(2)=5 541.77, P<0.01), which was highest in age group 11-months (2 105.1/100 000), followed by that in age groups 10-months (1 448.6/100 000), 9-months (938.3/100 000), 8-months (703.3/100 000) and 6-months (664.6/100 000). (4) The annual incidence peak was during May (143.9/100 000)-June (131.5/100 000). Conclusion: The prevalence of Cox A16 infection differed with year in Guangdong during 2012-2016. When the incidence of Cox A16 infection was high, more outbreaks occurred. The prevalence occurred mainly in nurseries and kindergartens from May to June each year. Children aged 0-4 years were the high risk group for Cox A16 infection, children aged 6-11 months were at high risk for Cox A16 infection.
Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Coxsackievirus Infections/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Schools

Objective: To understand the circulation, drug resistance and molecular characteristics of Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i:- in human in Guangdong province. Methods:Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i:- isolated from diarrhea patients in Guangdong during 2007-2016 were detected for drug resistance, genes and PFGE characteristics. Results: A total of 2 960 strains Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - were isolated from human diarrhea cases during this period. The positive rates of the isolation increased year by year. The male to female ratio of the infection cases was 1.58∶1, and the infection mainly occurred in infants and young children. Except imipenem, Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - was resistant to other 17 antibiotics to some extent. The drug resistant rates to ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin increased from 2011 to 2016. Multi-drug resistance was serious, for example, the multi-drug resistant strains with ASSuT accounted for 70.62% (435/616) and the multi-drug resistant strains with ACSuGSTTm accounted for 27.11% (167/616). The lack of fljA, fljB and hin genes, as well as the retaining of iroB, STM2740, STM2757 genes, resulted in the unable expression of FljBenx gene with 8 different defection profiles. There were 934 different PFGE patterns observed in 2 347 strains, which displayed a relatively large fingerprint polymorphism. The major PFGE pattern was JPXX01. GD0226, which was found in 97 strains, accounting for 4.13% (97/2 347). The PFGE patterns in 168 Salmonella1, 4, [5], 12: i: - strains were consistent with that of Salmonella typhimurium. Conclusions:Salmonella1,4,[5], 12: i: - strains has become the major serotype of Salmonella that cause diarrhea in human in Guangdong. The multi-drug resistance of Salmonella1,4, [5], 12: i: - was serious, and since the defection of fljA, fljB and hin genes, the expression of FljBenx protein failed. The PFGE results were diverse, which displayed polymorphism in inheritance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Diarrhea/microbiology* ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Salmonella Infections/prevention & control* ; Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification* ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Serogroup ; Serotyping ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze the rates on prevalence, awareness, status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49, in 2013. Methods: Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis. Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age, with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants, before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥11.1 mmol/L. After being weighed, according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification, the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age, education, urban and rural areas, and geographic locations. Results: The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6% among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49. No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7% and 5.4%, respectively) was seen, between participants from the rural or the urban areas. Prevalence rates in the eastern, central or western geographic areas were 5.8%, 6.2% and 4.4% respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3%, 27.9% and 29.4% in childbearing women aged 18-49. The rate of treatment was 95.4% among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years. The control rate of diabetes was 38.9% among those who had taken measures to control glucose, in 18-49-year-old childbearing women. The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas. There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test. Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high, but with low rates on awareness, treatment and control. However, statistical difference was seen on awareness, between urban and rural areas.
Adult ; Aged ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Awareness ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Premenopause ; Prevalence ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

Objective: To assess the disease burden on uterine fibroids in China in 1990 and 2016. Methods: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Burdens of uterine fibrosis among different age groups and provinces were measured in 1990 and 2016, with key indicators including number of cases, prevalence rates, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) and the rates of DALY. The WHO world standard population, 2010-2035 was used to calculate the age- standardized rates. Results: In 1990 and 2016, there were 13 695 567 and 27 169 312 women aged 15 years and older, suffered from uterine fibrosis respectively, with prevalence rate as 2.48% and 4.10%, DALY as 146 045.05 life years and 281 976.67 life years, and the DALY rate as 26.40/100 000 and 42.50/100 000, in 1990 and 2016 respectively. Both the prevalence rate and the DALY rate increased with age, reaching the peak on the 45-49 years-old, in both 1990 and 2016. Women aged 40-54 years accounted for 55.60% (1990) and 66.74% (2016) of the total cases while 48.37% (1990) and 60.65% (2016) of the total DALY. The first three provinces with highest DALYs were Shandong (1990: 12 574.67 life year; 2016: 22 728.12 life year), Henan (1990: 10 849.29 life year; 2016: 18 454.32 life year) and Jiangsu (1990: 10 501.55 life year; 2016: 18 274.10 life year), while the three provinces with leading standardized DALY rates were Heilongjiang (1990: 48.20/100 000; 2016: 47.00/100 000), Shanxi (1990: 44.50/100 000; 2016: 47.70/100 000) and Tianjin (1990: 43.80/100 000; 2016: 46.40/100 000) in both 1990 and 2016. Compared with 1990, the number of cases with uterine fibroids increased by 13 473 745 (with rate of change as: 98.38%), standardized prevalence rate increased by 1.88%, DALY value increased by 135 931.62 life years (with the rate of change as 93.08%) and standardized DALY rate increased by 5.92% among Chinese women, in 2016. Conclusion: Menopausal women were the ones hard hit by uterine fibrosis. Compared with data from 1990, the disease burden of uterine fibrosis increased rapidly in China, in 2016.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Disabled Persons ; Female ; Humans ; Leiomyoma/psychology* ; Middle Aged ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016. Methods: The data were collected from the project of Global Burden of Disease in 2016 (GBD2016). The Data Integration Model for Air Quality were used to estimate exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)). The attributable death number was calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF), and the results were compared by gender, diseases and provinces. An average world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates. Results: In 2016, a total of 1 075 000 deaths attributed to ambient air pollution occurred in China, accounting for 11.1% of the total deaths, and 57.6% of the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were due to ischemic heart disease and stroke. The death number among men was 1.7 times higher than that in women, Compared with 2006, the proportion of ambient air pollution related deaths in total deaths decreased by 6.8%; the age- standardized death rate attributed to ambient air pollution decreased by 26.5% and the decrease rate of lower respiratory infections (37.6%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (42.1%) were greater than ischemic heart disease (5.3%). The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution decreased both in men and in women, but the decrease rate was higher in women (34.8%) than that in men (20.4%). The PAFs varied among provinces, it was highest in Tianjin (13.9%), lowest in Tibet (6.1%), and it was relatively higher in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and the three provinces in the northeast and relatively lower in Hong Kong, Macao, Fujian and Hainan etc.. The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution was highest in Xinjiang (120.1/100 000) and lowest in Hong Kong (30.9/100 000), and it was relatively higher in Qinghai, Guizhou, Henan and relatively lower in Macao, Shanghai and Fujian, etc.. Compared with 2006, the PAFs of 17 provinces decreased, the decrease rate ranged from 4.1% to 16.8%, whereas the PAF of Jilin (5.0%) and Heilongjiang (8.1%) increased, and the PAFs of other 14 provinces showed no significant change. The attributable age-standardized death rate decreased in all provinces with the decrease rate ranging from 11.9% (Heilongjiang) to 43.2% (Fujian), and the decrease rate was relatively higher in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Guizhou, and lower in the three provinces in the northeast, Hubei and Hebei etc. Conclusions: In 2016, the disease burden attributable to PM(2.5) in China was heavy, but mitigated compared with 2006. The gender and area specific distributions of deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were observed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Air Pollution/adverse effects* ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Cause of Death ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality* ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

Objective: To examine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of mobilization of the vertebral artery for C₂ pedicle screws in cases with high-riding vertebral artery (HRVA). Methods: The clinical data of 12 patients with basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation underwent atlantoaxial reduction and fixation in the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China between January 2020 and November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had high-riding vertebral artery on at least one side that prohibited the insertion of C₂ pedicle screws. There were 2 males and 10 females aged (48.0±12.8) years (range: 17 to 67 years). After correction of vertical dislocation during the operation, the C₂ pedicle screw insertion and occipitocervical fixation and fusion were performed using the vertebral artery mobilization technique. Neurological function was assessed using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scale. The preoperative and postoperative JOA score and the main radiological measurements, including the anterior atlantodental interval (ADI), the distance of the odontoid tip above the Chamberlain line, the clivus-canal angle, were collected and compared by paired t-test. Results: Mobilization of the high-riding vertebral artery was successfully completed, and C₂ pedicle screws were then fulfilled after the vertebral artery was protected. There was no injury to the vertebral artery during the operation. Meanwhile, no severe surgical complications such as cerebral infarction or aggravated neurological dysfunction occurred during the perioperative period. Satisfactory C₂ pedicle screw placement and reduction were achieved in all 12 patients. All patients achieved bone fusion 6 months after surgery. No looseness and shift in internal fixation or reduction loss was observed during the follow-up period. Compared to the preoperative, the postoperative ADI decreased from (6.1±1.9) mm to (2.0±1.2) mm (t=6.73, P<0.01), the distance of the odontoid tip above the Chamberlain line decreased from (10.4±2.5) mm to (5.5±2.3) mm (t=7.12, P<0.01), the clivus-canal angle increased from (123.4±11.1) ° to (134.7±9.6) ° (t=2.50, P=0.032), the JOA score increased from 13.3±2.1 to 15.6±1.2 (t=6.99, P<0.01). Conclusion: The C₂ pedicle screw insertion assisted by mobilization of the vertebral artery is safe and considerably effective, providing a choice for internal fixation in cases with high-riding vertebral arteries.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students from 2011 to 2016 and to provide reference for the effective prevention and control programs on infectious disease among students. Methods: Both morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed, with main characteristics of the disease described. Results: During 2011 to 2016, morbidities of Categories A, B and C infectious diseases among the Chinese students aged 6-22 years showed a decreasing trend, from 248.24/100 000 in 2012 to 158.57/100 000 in 2016. Mortality rates of Category A, B and C infectious diseases had also decreased from 0.12/100 000 in 2011 to 0.07/100 000 in 2016. The average morbidity of the top four diseases from Category A and B infectious diseases appeared as: tuberculosis (16.24/100 000), scarlet fever (9.39/100 000), hepatitis B (7.69/100 000) and bacillary and amebic dysentery (7.15/100 000). The average rates of mortality on the top four diseases appeared as: rabies (0.044 8/100 000), HIV/AIDS (0.027 7/100 000), tuberculosis (0.008 0/100 000) and Japanese encephalitis (0.005 9/100 000). The average rates of morbidity on the top four diseases appeared as: mumps (75.81/100 000), hand-foot-mouth disease (28.55/100 000), other infectious diarrhea (22.41/100 000) and influenza (15.67/100 000) in the Category C. Reported death cases were from hand-foot-mouth disease (11 cases), influenza (9 cases), mumps (1 case) and rubella (1 case). The prevalence rates varied among different student populations, with higher HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and tuberculosis rates among college and senior high school students, while higher mumps, influenza and hand-foot-mouth disease rates among primary school and junior high school students. Conclusions: Both morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years had decreased significantly in 2011-2016. However, the major infectious diseases had become new challenges among students. HIV/AIDS had become a key infectious disease among college students and the relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis was seen in college and high school students.
Adolescent ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Prevalence ; Students/statistics & numerical data* ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze the burden of disease (BOD) on diabetes attributable to high BMI in China from 1990 to 2016. Methods: Data based on population of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study for China were used to analyze the attributable fractions (PAF) of BOD for diabetes attributable to high BMI. Measurements for attributable BOD of diabetes included disability adjusted life years (DALY), years of lost life (YLL), years living with disability (YLD), death number and mortality rate. The average world population from 2010 to 2035 was used as a reference. Results: In 2016, death number of diabetes attributable to high BMI was 40 310, which was significantly higher than that in 1990 (15 008). Age-standardized death rate of diabetes attributable to high BMI increased from 2.01/100 000 in 1990 to 2.60/100 000 in 2016, which showed a more significant increasing trend in both males and people aged 15-49 years. DALYs of diabetes attributable to high BMI increased from 1.09 million person years to 3.30 million person years. YLL and YLD also showed increasing trends. The highest increasing rate of YLD was in people aged 15-49 years. High BMI was responsible for 26.01% of the diabetes deaths in 2016 in China, an increase of 39.39% compared with that in 1990 (18.66%). Most provinces in China experienced a sharp increase of DALY of diabetes attributable to high BMI from 1990 to 2016. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Macao SAR, Sichuan and Qinghai had the most significant increase tendency in terms of DALY rate during this period. Conclusions: There was a rapid increase of the deaths and mortality rate of diabetes attributable to high BMI, causing a heavy disease burden, in China from 1990 to 2016. The BOD varied in both different age and gender groups. More attention should be paid to males and people aged 15-49 years in the prevention and control programs of diabetes.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Diabetes Mellitus/ethnology* ; Disabled Persons ; Humans ; Macau ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Sickness Impact Profile ; Young Adult

Objective: To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 1 220 healthy singleton pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, from Chengdu city, Sichuan province. Pre-gestational body mass and other basic information were collected through a set of questionnaires. Weight at the last week before delivery was measured and GWG was classified by IOM criteria (2009). Related information on pregnancy outcomes was collected after delivery, through the hospital information system. Multiple non-conditional logistic regression models were used to test the association between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: In total, data on 1 045 pregnant women were analyzed. Compared with adequate GWG, excessive GWG was associated with the increased risks of cord entanglement and large for gestational age (OR=1.641, 95%CI: 1.197-2.252; OR=1.678, 95%CI: 0.132-2.488), respectively. Additionally, when compared with the adequate GWG, insufficient GWG was associated with the increased risk of preterm delivery (OR=3.189, 95%CI: 1.604-6.341). Conclusions: Both excessive and insufficient GWG appeared associated with the pregnancy outcomes. Weight monitoring should be strengthened for pregnant women to reduce related risks on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Adult ; Birth Weight ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Gestational Weight Gain ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology* ; Prospective Studies

The prevalence of child and adolescent growth and mental-behavior related diseases are increasing, and the pathogenesis are complex. Twins are excellent natural resources for complex chronic diseases research as they share the maternal intrauterine environment, born at the same time and share the same family environment in early years, which could benefit the adjust ment of confounding factors, such as age, genetic factors and early family environmental factors. Birth cohort with twin families involved could be more effective in exploring the genetic and environmental factors for complex chronic diseases at the very beginning of life. This paper summarizes the objective, content, progress, strengths and potential problems of Wuhan Twin Birth Cohort, with emphasis on the overall design and progress of the study.
Adolescent ; Asian People ; Birth Weight ; Child ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Diseases in Twins/genetics* ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Twin Studies as Topic ; Twins