PURPOSE: The study was done to identify the perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) of elderly women and men, and to define the difference between the two groups. In addition this study investigated the relationships among the variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living of both groups. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 579 elderly people over 65 years living in urban area. Data was collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from March to October 2005. Data was analyzed with the SPSS program. RESULT: There was a significant difference of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) between the elderly women and men groups. There was a significant relationship among variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living in elderly men. However, there was no significant relationship among the variables in elderly women. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study give useful information for constructing an intervention program and care for elderly women and men.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Aged* ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Aged ; Humans

Nutrition education in elementary school is confronted with the present problem, as a legal basis about obligation of nutrition education in school was clarified. Moreover, it's also important for providing evidence based scientific resources to make a study of evaluating the education effectiveness. Most studies of the nutrition education effectiveness have evaluated the changing dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge score before and after the nutrition education, and suggested the effectiveness of intervention as changing between pre- and post-treatment. Nutrition education, however, purposing long-term changes, follow-up evaluation process about the learned attitude and knowledge of nutrition education were requested. For these reasons, this study attempted to fulfilled standardized nutrition education program which use "Na Story and Food World" and "Na Story for Me", a textbook for the 1st-3rd grade and 4th-6th grade designed by KFDA, and analyzed the changes about the effectiveness of nutrition education happened over a period of time. In this study, each student was assessed their dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge by four periods, before the education, right after the education, after 3 months, and after 6 months. As a result, an average score of nutritional knowledge before the education, 70.08 +/- 17.91, were changed significantly higher right after the education to 85.69 +/- 15.05 (p < 0.001), but it lowered to 84 +/- 15.56 after 3 month. After the nutrition education, students in all grades had positive dietary attitude to Na reduction (p < 0.001). However, the healthy eating attitude about Na reduction had been unable to maintain after 3 and 6 months. Therefore, the systematic reeducated program in elementary school was positively necessary to reinforce children's learning and cognitive skills to maintain healthy eating knowledge and attitude toward Na reduction.
Eating ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Learning

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate homebound status and significant related factors for community-dwelling female elders according to age. METHODS: The participants were female elders over 65 years of age registered in public health centers. Data were collected by interviewing the elders, who voluntarily completed the entire survey. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were performed using SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in homeboundness and related factors between the young-old (65 to 74 years of age) and the old-old (75 years of age or older). The level of homeboundness of the old-old was higher than that of the young-old. Multiple logistic regression showed, timed "up and go", depression, and fear of falling as significantly associated with homebound status of the young-old, while hand grip strength (right), timed "up and go", static balance ability, severity of urinary incontinence, and fear of falling as significant for the old-old. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that homebound status and related factors for elders are different according to age, and therefore, interventions to prevent and help homebound elders get over being homebound should be developed according to age.
Accidental Falls ; Activities of Daily Living ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Depression ; Fear ; Female ; Hand Strength ; Health Status ; Homebound Persons/*psychology ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Residence Characteristics ; Urinary Incontinence

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate differences in health behaviors by job stress level in male and female workers in a large-sized company. METHODS: Participants were 576 male and 228 female workers who completed questionnaires. Job stress was measured using the 'Short Form Korean Occupational Stress Scale (SF-KOSS)'. Health behaviors included smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and diet. Frequency, mean, SD, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression using SAS version 9.1 were used to analyze data. RESULTS: Smoking, drinking and regular exercise rates were not different by job stress level in male or female workers. Only regular diet was significantly different by job stress level in male and female workers. From multivariate analysis, the alcohol consumption rates for female workers differed by marital status. Regular exercise rate was significantly related to age for male workers and type of employment for female workers. After adjusting for demographic and work-related characteristics, regular diet significantly differed by shift work for male workers and marital status and shift work for female workers. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicate that nursing interventions should be developed to manage job stress to improve diet habits for male and female workers in large-sized companies.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Diet ; Employment ; Exercise ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; Humans ; Industry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Health ; Questionnaires ; Smoking ; *Stress, Psychological ; Workplace/*psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a substantive theory of case management (CM) practice by investigating the experience of nurse case managers caring for Medical Aid enrollees in Korea. METHODS: A total of 12 nurses were interviewed regarding their own experience in CM practice. Data were recorded and analyzed using grounded theory. RESULTS: Empowerment was the core category of CM for Medical Aid enrollees. The case managers engaged in five phases as follows, phase of inquiring in advance, building a relationship with the client, giving the client critical mind, facilitating positive changes in the client's use of healthcare services, and maintaining relationship bonds. These phases moved gradually and were circular if necessary. Also, they were accelerated or slowed depending on factors including clients' characteristics, case managers' competency level, families' support level, and availability of community resources. CONCLUSION: This study helps understand what CM practice is and how nurses are performing this innovative CM role. It is recommended that nurse leaders and policy makers integrate empowerment as a core category and the five critical CM phases into future CM programs.
Adult ; Case Management/*organization & administration ; Community Health Nursing ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Korea ; Managed Care Programs ; Nurse-Patient Relations ; Nursing Staff/*organization & administration ; Power (Psychology)

Objectives: ：This study aimed to examine the validity scales of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Predicting premature termination and treatment duration in psychiatric outpatients. Methods: ：The MMPI–2 was administered to 202 patients with psychiatric medication, and its data converted to MMPI-2-RF was used for analysis. An independent t-test used to determine whether there was a difference in validity scales between premature termination group and treatment continued group. Then, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the degree of effect on premature termination. Moreover, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between treatment duration and validity scales. Results: ：The premature termination group showed higher score in variable response inconsistency (Vrin-r), adjustment validity (K-r) and lower score in infrequent responses (F-r) compared to the treatment continued groups. In logistic regression analysis, however, none of MMPI-2-RF validity scales predicted premature termination. Also, it was found that higher K-r score was associated with shorter treatment duration. Conclusion ：The study showed that the MMPI-2-RF validity scales can predict whether to continue medication and treatment. Therefore, it is expected that more thorough studies of the attitudes toward treatment with respect to the validity scales provides the opportunity to find patients at high risk of premature treatment prior to medication and to strengthen their motivation for treatment, thereby leading to more effective and lasting treatment.

Objectives: ：This study aimed to examine the validity scales of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in Predicting premature termination and treatment duration in psychiatric outpatients. Methods: ：The MMPI–2 was administered to 202 patients with psychiatric medication, and its data converted to MMPI-2-RF was used for analysis. An independent t-test used to determine whether there was a difference in validity scales between premature termination group and treatment continued group. Then, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the degree of effect on premature termination. Moreover, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between treatment duration and validity scales. Results: ：The premature termination group showed higher score in variable response inconsistency (Vrin-r), adjustment validity (K-r) and lower score in infrequent responses (F-r) compared to the treatment continued groups. In logistic regression analysis, however, none of MMPI-2-RF validity scales predicted premature termination. Also, it was found that higher K-r score was associated with shorter treatment duration. Conclusion ：The study showed that the MMPI-2-RF validity scales can predict whether to continue medication and treatment. Therefore, it is expected that more thorough studies of the attitudes toward treatment with respect to the validity scales provides the opportunity to find patients at high risk of premature treatment prior to medication and to strengthen their motivation for treatment, thereby leading to more effective and lasting treatment.

This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples. When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes (agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : "Matured elders" Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : "Assertive-Rights" Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : "Passive-Dependents" Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death, and becoming senile. Type 4 : "Hopeless" The "Hopeless" type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : "Attached-Present" The "Attached-Present" type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.
Aged ; Aging* ; Child ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Nursing ; Principal Component Analysis ; Q-Sort

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to describe clonorchis sinensis infection experience in high risk populations living in riverside areas. The research question was "How do local residents perceive Clonorchiasis and how are they infected with the parasite". METHODS: Qualitative data were collected by focus group interviews with 16 participants from January to February, 2009. All the interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by the content analysis method. RESULTS: Five main categories were conceptualized, which were "lacking in understanding of Clonorchiasis," "culture of the rural community," "life style," "recovering experience from infection" and "change of health behavior." CONCLUSION: The result of this study indicates that residents are infected with Clonorchiasis through interaction between individual and group risky factors. Therefore, it is important to develop effective health education programs on both individual and group levels to prevent infection with Clonorchiasis.
Clonorchiasis ; Clonorchis sinensis* ; Focus Groups ; Health Education ; Parasites ; Qualitative Research