No abstract available.
Gram-Positive Cocci* ; Imipenem* ; Ofloxacin*

No abstract available.
Enterobacter cloacae* ; Enterobacter* ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa* ; Pseudomonas*

To survey the different view points about food service programs among parents and teachers, 2 types of questionnaires, which consisted of attitude, perception, satisfaction and demand of the food service program in child education centers, were used. The data was collected from 2450 parents and 450 teachers who attended a child education center in 16 provinces, nationwide. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and ANOVA test and chi2-test. The finding results were as follows. 1. The average serving size of meal (lunch) were 80 meals per day and 167 meals per day at large institutions. Mean cost of snacks was 14,709 won per month and mean costs of lunch were 29,319 won per month. The mean price was not significantly different according to the scale of institution. The numbers of servings of lunch, morning snack and afternoon snack were 5, 3.4 and 3.5 times per week each. 56.4% of the institutions served meals to children in classrooms, but the national/public institutions, which were attending elementary school, served meals in a dining place in the elementary school. 2. Teacher controlled serving portion size of snacks (79.6%) and lunch (88.8%) and 30.1% of teacher did not allow leaving lunch food. The ratio of knowing about preserved meals of the teacher who worked at a small institution was significantly higher than the teacher who worked at large institutions (p < 0.01). 3. Between parents and teachers, several different view points about school lunch programs were detected. Most parents and teachers wanted that the school lunch to be fully cooked and served at the child education institution itself, but 12.2% of parents and 14.4% of teachers wanted a catering service. The teachers group preferred 'lunch box from home' and 'home partially prepared lunch' as an ideal meal serving type than the parent groups (p < 0.01). And there were significantly different view points about price factors in school meals, teachers group highly answered that operating expenses must be added in meal prices. 4. The teacher groups' priorities of education activities during meal time were a significantly lower score than parents group in overall education activities. Teacher and parent groups pointed out that individual sanitation activities were most important of the education activities during meal time, but promoting good eating habits was the lowest score in both groups. 5. 'Improving taste and food quality' was most urgent in food service at child education centers, but there were significantly different view points between parent groups (64.5%) and teacher groups (43.8%)(p < 0.05). They answered at a lower percent in 'employee qualified person' and 'cost control' point to improve food service, but there were also different opinions between the two groups (p < 0.01). 6. As to the matter of the advantages and disadvantages of catering services, two group answered that the advantages of a catering service were 'convenience' and 'to solve facilities and labor problems', disadvantages were 'lower in food freshness' and 'sanitation problems'. There were also several different view pionts in catering services, the parents groups were more anxious about food sanitation than teachers. This study found several different view points about school food services among parents and teachers. To improve food services at child education institutions, there is a need to adjust the differences between the two groups through interactive communication channels and education and to employ dietitians as taking charge of adjusting roles between the two groups.
Child* ; Eating ; Education* ; Food Services* ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals ; Nutritionists ; Parents* ; Portion Size ; Sanitation ; Serving Size ; Snacks

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic bacteria constitute a major part of the normal flora of the human skin, mucous membrane and intestinal tract, and can cause various infections. The incidence of anaerobic infections may differ greatly, depending on each country or hospital. METHODS: We evaluated the recent trends of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens at Severance Hospital from 1986 to 1995. Specimens were cultured using thioglycollate medium and phenylethanol blood agar (PEBA) for 2-3 days under anaerobic condition. Identification of organism was based on conventional or commercial kit systems. RESULTS: During this period, a total of 2,664 isolates of anaerobic bacteria were obtained from 2,251 clinical specimens. The average number of anaerobes per specimen was 1.2. The frequent sources of isolation were specimens from the abdomen, followed by soft tissue, and head and neck. B. fragilis (46.3%) was the most frequently isolated gram-negative bacilli, and P. magnus (37.6%) and C. perfringens (18.8%) were the most frequently isolated gram-positive anaerobes. Abdominal, soft tissue, and head and neck infections were frequent clinical conditions. Among the anaerobe-positive specimens, only 16.8% yielded anaerobe alone while the remaining 83.2% revealed mixed infection with aerobic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that B. fragilis is the most common species among gram-negative bacilli, and that P. magnus is the most common among gram-positive cocci. As well, the anaerobes are frequently isolated from specimens of the abdomen, head and neck, and soft tissue; and anaerobic infections are commonly mixed with aerobic bacteria.
Abdomen ; Agar ; Bacteria, Aerobic ; Bacteria, Anaerobic* ; Bacteroides fragilis ; Coinfection ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mucous Membrane ; Neck ; Phenylethyl Alcohol ; Skin

No abstract available.
Bacteria, Anaerobic*

PURPOSE: The study was done to identify the perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) of elderly women and men, and to define the difference between the two groups. In addition this study investigated the relationships among the variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living of both groups. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 579 elderly people over 65 years living in urban area. Data was collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from March to October 2005. Data was analyzed with the SPSS program. RESULT: There was a significant difference of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living(ADL+IADL) between the elderly women and men groups. There was a significant relationship among variables of perceived health status, depression, and activities of daily living in elderly men. However, there was no significant relationship among the variables in elderly women. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study give useful information for constructing an intervention program and care for elderly women and men.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Aged* ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The general aim of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was to assess the health and nutritional status in the Korean population. The KNHANES began in 1998 and has been conducting as a series of surveys : 1998(1st), 2001(2nd), 2005(3rd) and 2007-2009(4th). Specific aims were, in a cross-sectional study of nationally representative samples of the noninstitutionalized civilian Korean population aged > or = 1 year (4,600 households each year), to monitor trends the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of selected chronic diseases, monitor trends in nutritional status and risk behaviors, and analyze risk factors for chronic diseases. For these purposes, with standardized high-quality methods, extensive data on health and nutrition are collected by health interview, health examination (physical examination, clinical measurements and tests) and dietary interview. In 2007, the 4th KNHANES became a continuous annual survey by highly trained field staff. In addition, the 4th KNHANES expanded examination components (addition of oral examination, pulmonary function test and laboratory test items such as ferritin, vitamin D, insulin, manganese, and arsenic), simplified survey procedure, and strengthened quality control. Further works will be focused on the selection of new examination and interview components, planning of KNHANES follow-up survey, continuous training of field staff and quality control, and improvement of dietary survey method.
Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Family Characteristics ; Ferritins ; Follow-Up Studies ; Insulin ; Korea* ; Manganese ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritional Status ; Prevalence ; Quality Control ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Vitamin D

BACKGROUND: Infections due to antimicrobial resistant bacteria pose serious problem in the care of the patients in intensive care units, oncology and hematology. It was to determine the prevalent species and cefpirome susceptibilities of the current isolates from these patients. METHODS: Bacteria isolated from patients in the intensive care units, oncology and hematology in a fertiary care university hospital in 1997 were analyzed for the prevalent species. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains, most of which were isolated in 1997, was tested by the NCCLS agar dilution method. RESULTS: The proportion of potential pathogens isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus 16.1%, Acinetobacter baumannii 13.6%, Enterobacter-Serratia-Citrobacter group 12.1%, Enterococcus spp. 11.0% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10.4%. The lowest resistance rates were : A.baumannii to ampicillin/sulbactam (38%), P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime (37%), Providencia spp. to ceftriaxone (7%), S. marcescens to ceftazidime and cefpirome (10%), and E. coli (3%), K. pneumoniae (10%), E. cloacae (17%) and C. freundii (7%) to cefpirome. All isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae were susceptible to cefpirome. CONCLUSION: The in vitro test suggests that cefpirome should be more useful than the other generations of cephalosporins for the treatment of various nosocomial infections including those due to the 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant E. cloacae, S. marcescens, C. freundii and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; Agar ; Bacteria* ; Ceftazidime ; Ceftriaxone ; Cephalosporins ; Cloaca ; Cross Infection ; Enterococcus ; Family Characteristics ; Hematology* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Pneumonia ; Providencia ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from blood culture of a 53-year-old man with fever, who had treatment history of gastrointestinal malignancy. The patient showed neither clinical features nor hematological finding which suggest bacteremia. Identification of the isolate was delayed because of its similar characteristics with Aeromonas spp. and other gram-negative bacilli. The isolate was misinterpreted as susceptible to ampicillin by the first disk diffusion test. It may not always easy to identify P. shigelloides by conventional tests and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility accurately, as laboratorians rarely have experience with the organism and as the organism may show unusual inhibition pattern when tested by disk diffusion method or Etest.
Aeromonas ; Ampicillin ; Bacteremia* ; Diffusion ; Fever ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Plesiomonas*

Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from blood culture of a 53-year-old man with fever, who had treatment history of gastrointestinal malignancy. The patient showed neither clinical features nor hematological finding which suggest bacteremia. Identification of the isolate was delayed because of its similar characteristics with Aeromonas spp. and other gram-negative bacilli. The isolate was misinterpreted as susceptible to ampicillin by the first disk diffusion test. It may not always easy to identify P. shigelloides by conventional tests and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility accurately, as laboratorians rarely have experience with the organism and as the organism may show unusual inhibition pattern when tested by disk diffusion method or Etest.
Aeromonas ; Ampicillin ; Bacteremia* ; Diffusion ; Fever ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Plesiomonas*