PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the discontinuation of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) after surgery. METHODS: The data of 1,092 adult patients that were over 20 years of age and underwent PCA after surgery in the Gachon University Hospital from May 1 to June 30, 2017, were collected through the patients' Electronic Medical Record (EMR). The collected data was analyzed via the use of the Chi-test, t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS: The postoperative PCA discontinuation rate was 26.1%. It was associated with various symptoms, such as those of nausea, dizziness, and headache. The PCA discontinuation was also related with female (odds ratio, OR=1.75; confidence interval, CI=1.09–2.82), nausea (OR=105.27; CI=61.03–181.58), total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) of the thyroidectomy (OR=10.43; CI=5.01–21.70). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to provide additional medication and nursing interventions to reduce nausea, which is the symptom associated with PCA discontinuation, especially in the operation of female subjects and thyroidectomy under TIVA. That is, those who are at a high risk for PCA discontinuation should be able to administer additional antiemetics or reduce non medication nursing interventions.
Adult ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Antiemetics ; Dizziness ; Electronic Health Records ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nausea ; Nursing ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Thyroidectomy

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the rate of agricultural injury using a nationwide survey and identified factors associated with these injuries. METHODS: The first Korean Farmers' Occupational Disease and Injury Survey (KFODIS) was conducted by the Rural Development Administration in 2009. Data from 9,630 adults were collected through a household survey about agricultural injuries suffered in 2008. We estimated the injury rates among those whose injury required an absence of more than 4 days. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between the prevalence of agricultural injuries and the general characteristics of the study population. RESULTS: We estimated that 3.2% (+/-0.00) of Korean farmers suffered agricultural injuries that required an absence of more than 4 days. The injury rates among orchard farmers (5.4 +/- 0.00) were higher those of all non-orchard farmers. The odds ratio (OR) for agricultural injuries was significantly lower in females (OR: 0.45, 95% CI = 0.45-0.45) compared to males. However, the odds of injury among farmers aged 50-59 (OR: 1.53, 95% CI = 1.46-1.60), 60-69 (OR: 1.45, 95% CI = 1.39-1.51), and > or =70 (OR: 1.94, 95% CI = 1.86-2.02) were significantly higher compared to those younger than 50. In addition, the total number of years farmed, average number of months per year of farming, and average hours per day of farming were significantly associated with agricultural injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Agricultural injury rates in this study were higher than rates reported by the existing compensation insurance data. Males and older farmers were at a greater risk of agriculture injuries; therefore, the prevention and management of agricultural injuries in this population is required.
Adult ; Agriculture ; Compensation and Redress ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Occupational Diseases* ; Occupational Injuries ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Social Planning

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate both the psychosocial and physical effects of muscle strengthening exercise on farmers, and in so doing evaluate their effect on musculoskeletal disorders in farmers. METHODS: 28 subjects participated in our muscle strengthening exercise program. Mean age of subjects was 63+/-13 years. The exercise program was performed 3 times a week during the 8 week studys period. Before and after training various measurements were made: self esteem scale (SES), psychosocial wellbeing index short form (PWI-SF), static and dynamic balance ability, grip strength, arm curl, time up and go (TUG), functional reach, and oswestry disability index. RESULTS: The muscle strengthening exercise program increased the self-esteem, grip strength and static and dynamic balance of subjects, while psychosocial stress and low back pain levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The muscle strengthening exercise improved psychosocial and physical status of test subjects. Thus, exercise may be an effective strategy for enhancing the psychosocial and physical health of farmers.
Agriculture ; Arm ; Hand Strength ; Low Back Pain ; Muscles ; Self Concept

Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are rare malignant tumors, affecting mostly children and adolescents. Only three cases of primary breast PNETs have been reported in the medical literature, with none in Korea. We present a case of a primary PNET of the breast in a 33-year-old woman, with imaging and immunohistopathology findings.
Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mammography ; Neuroectodermal Tumors/*diagnosis/pathology ; Positron-Emission Tomography

The paraganglioma is rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from paraganglionic tissue and most cases show characteristic endocrinological symptoms that are caused by catecholamine secretion. We report here on a case of nonfunctioning retroperitoneal paraganglioma that did not show any neuroendocrine symptoms, and this was misdiagnosed as ovarian tumor by ultrasonography and CT.
Female ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; Ovary* ; Paraganglioma* ; Pheochromocytoma ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Ultrasonography

The paraganglioma is rare neuroendocrine tumor arising from paraganglionic tissue and most cases show characteristic endocrinological symptoms that are caused by catecholamine secretion. We report here on a case of nonfunctioning retroperitoneal paraganglioma that did not show any neuroendocrine symptoms, and this was misdiagnosed as ovarian tumor by ultrasonography and CT.
Female ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; Ovary* ; Paraganglioma* ; Pheochromocytoma ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Ultrasonography

Almost all cystic renal masses are detected incidentally during ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Although the Bosniak classification of these lesions is based on CT imaging features, Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) or MR imaging also can be used for patients who are found to have contraindicated to contrast-enhanced CT examinations. Here, we compare the usefulness of the following imaging modalities for evaluating cystic renal masses based on their imaging features: CT versus CEUS, CT versus MR, and CEUS versus MR.
Classification* ; Humans ; Kidney ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Dense breasts have been suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer, but controversy still remains. This study evaluates the association of reproductive and hormonal factors with dense breasts among Korean women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, 516 women were recruited and classified for breast density patterns as being either fatty or dense, using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) of the American College of Radiology. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression, older age, higher body mass index, older age at menarche, and oral contraceptive use were associated with more fatty breasts. On the contrary, longer duration of education, alcohol consumption, lower parity, menopause and use of hormone replacement therapy were associated with dense breasts. After adjustment, age and body mass index were inversely associated with breast density (p-value for trend <0.01, respectively), whereas nulliparous and premenopausal status were positively associated. Compared to women who had > or =2 children, nulliparous women had an 11.8-fold increase of dense breasts (p-value for trend <0.01). Compared to postmenopausal women, premenopausal women had 2.4-fold increase of dense breasts (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.36 to 4.32). CONCLUSION: Young age, lower body mass index, lower parity, and premenopausal status were significantly associated with dense breasts in Korea.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Information Systems ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mammography ; Menarche ; Menopause ; Parity ; Risk Factors

Background: Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing the gas concentrations. Methods: Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the manure-handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey. Results: The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5–43.2 ppm) than at other manure-handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the manure agitation and mixing process at the swine manure storage facilities (6.9–19.5 ppm). At the poultry manure-handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the manure-handling processes (2.6–57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0–3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations. Conclusion A high level of hazardous gases was generated during manure handling, and some levels increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.