The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of "health functional food (HFF)" intake and related factors in Busan and Gyeongnam area and provide useful information for health promotion through the use of HFF. Among subjects of this study (n = 634), about 64% of the subjects reported that they are currently taking HFFs or other health foods or had HFFs in the last year. The reason of subjects taking HFF was to maintain and promote their health. They choose HFF by their own judgement or knowledge and the main place of purchasing HFF was the HFF store. Main food sources for promoting health in study subjects were nutrient fortified foods (76.8%), fruit or vegetable extracts (64.8%), HFF (64%), herbs or oriental medicines (29.6%), folk remedies or unidentified remedies (24.9%), respectively. The preference type of the products was capsule and liquid. 60.6% of consumers thought that HFF are expensive. 9.7% of consumers experienced the side effect such as stomachache and gastroenteric trouble. Using logistic regression analysis, the use of HFF was 1.9 times higher in female than male subjects indicating strong association between gender and HFF use. Additionally higher prevalence was found in female subjects for right conception of HFF and distinction of HFF. Interestingly subjects who consume less salts exhibited a higher tendency (-1.5 folds) in HFF intake than who prefer to use salt and seasonings in diets. In total study subjects 83.9% of them have known and heard about definition of the HFF. The major route of acquiring the information about HFF was mass media such as TV, internet and newspapers. Also subjects who had taken HFF exhibited high a proper conception toward the knowledge about 'distinction of HFF'. Taken together education programs considering gender, dietary habit and life style is necessary for consumers to select proper HFF.
Adult* ; Busan* ; Diet ; Education ; Female ; Fertilization ; Food Habits ; Food, Fortified ; Fruit ; Functional Food* ; Food, Organic ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Internet ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mass Media ; Medicine, Traditional ; Periodicals ; Prevalence ; Salts ; Seasons ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a prediction model for postpartum depression by verifying the mediation effect of antepartum depression. A hypothesized model was developed based on literature reviews and predictors of postpartum depression by Beck. METHODS: Data were collected from 186 pregnant women who had a gestation period of more than 32 weeks and were patients at a maternity hospital, two obstetrics and gynecology specialized hospitals, or the outpatient clinic of K medical center. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, correlation and exploratory factor analysis using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. RESULTS: The final modified model had good fit indices. Parenting stress, antepartum depression and postpartum family support had statistically significant effects on postpartum depression, and defined 74.7% of total explained variance of postpartum depression. Antepartum depression had significant mediation effects on postpartum depression from stress in pregnancy and self-esteem. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that it is important to develop nursing interventions including strategies to reduce parenting stress and improve postpartum family support in order to prevent postpartum depression. Especially, it is necessary to detect and treat antepartum depression early to prevent postpartum depression as antepartum depression can affect postpartum depression by mediating antepartum factors.
Adult ; Depression/*psychology ; Depression, Postpartum/etiology/*psychology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; Parenting/psychology ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women/*psychology ; Self Efficacy ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We examined the associations between adiponectin or leptin and serum ICAM-1 levels in seventy-six hypercholesterolemic patients (mean age 59 yrs, 25 males and 51 females, LDL-cholesterol>=130mg/dL at screening). Blood lipid profiles and HOMA-IR derived from fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and ICAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA. The results showed that serum levels of leptin were positively associated with serum levels of ICAM-1 independent of age, sex and BMI (r =0.392, p<0.001). Serum levels of adiponectin were negatively associated with serum levels of ICAM-1 independent of age, sex and BMI (r =-0.343, p<0.005). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum leptin was an independent factor to be associated with serum ICAM-1 levels after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, blood lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and HOMA-IR (p<0.001). With respect to adiponectin, its association with serum ICAM-1 was attenuated but still significant when further adjustments were made for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, blood lipids such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and HOMA-IR (p<0.005). In conclusion, this study suggests that adiponectin and leptin are associated with endothelial derived inflammation.
Adipokines ; Adiponectin* ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Inflammation ; Insulin ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1* ; Leptin* ; Linear Models ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in perception of clinical nutrition service (CNS) between doctors and dietitians working in hospitals in Busan and the Gyeongnam area. Research was performed through questionnaires (from November to December 2011) at over 100 beds. 73.3% of dietitians were aware of the Nutrition Support Team (NST), while only 15.6% of doctors were aware of it. Due to heavy work and lack of medical staff, doctors didn't participate in NST, although most of them recognized the necessity of NST. 61.7% of dietitians screened and managed malnourished patients, whereas only 29.8% of doctors did. The main reason dietitians didn't treat malnourished patients was the absence of a treatment system in the hospital. Less than 50% of dietitians participated in the doctor's round to malnourished patients. As for why dietitians didn't participate in doctor's rounds, 71% of doctors chose understaffed dietitians and 38.1% of dietitians chose the doctors' unawareness of the importance of the dietitian in doctor's rounds. For the lower rate of nutrition counseling in provincial regions, compared to the capital region, 46.8% of doctors cited a lack of connection between doctors and clinical dietitians, while 43.3% of dietitians cited the lack of doctors' awareness on the importance of nutrition counseling. Although 87.3% of the doctors and 91.6% of the dietitians answered that CNS is important for treatment, the perception of onsite performance status on CNS was found to be low in both groups. 48.9% of doctors and 50.0% of dietitians regarded dietitians in the hospital as personnel in charge of food services, rather a member of the medical team. To improve the awareness of the importance of the CNS, and the image of clinical dietitians, 31.2% of doctors answered "to introduce a professional dietitian license for each disease" and 26.7% of dietitians answered "to change the system in the hospital". Most subjects found that a separation of clinical nutrition services from the food service part is needed. These results suggest that it is important to narrow the difference in perceptions of clinical nutrition services between doctors and dietitians for an organized clinical nutrition management of patients in hospitals in Busan and the Gyeongnam area.
Counseling ; Fees and Charges ; Food Services ; Humans ; Licensure ; Medical Staff ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance-performance of clinical nutrition management in convalescent hospitals. The research was carried out based on questionnaires administered from March to April, 2015 to 73 dietitians at 40 convalescent hospitals in the Gyeongnam area. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores for importance (4.01/5.00) and performance (2.95/5.00) of clinical nutrition management. The importance and performance grid analysis showed that participation in a nutritional management committee, administration of patients using a cooperation program among hospital departments, cooperation with a medical team on patient's nutrition status, nutrition initial assessment, nutrition care process for patients showing malnutrition, nutrition care process for tube feeding patients, management of a therapeutic diet, meal management using dietary slip instructions including a therapeutic diet, and explication of a therapeutic diet for patients scored high regarding importance and performance (doing great area). Medical records on patient's nutrition management, and nutrition counseling for requested patient scored low regarding the importance and high regarding performance (overdone area). Participation in medical rounds, personal nutrition education for patients, group nutrition education for patients, nutrition education for medical teams, development of a menu for therapeutic diet and standardized recipes, and provision of information on diet therapy for patients after discharge scored low regarding importance and performance (low priority area). Accreditation of convalescent hospitals and interest of medical professionals in clinical nutrition management were effective variables for the importance-performance gap of clinical nutrition management. In conclusion, the accreditation process and positive awareness of medical professionals with regard to clinical nutrition management had positive effects on reduction of the importance-performance gap in clinical nutrition management at convalescent hospitals. The strength of clinical nutrition management in the accreditation and development of an education program for increasing medical team or administrator interest in clinical nutrition management could lead to improvement of clinical nutrition management for elderly patients in convalescent hospitals.
Accreditation ; Administrative Personnel ; Aged ; Counseling ; Diet ; Diet Therapy ; Education ; Enteral Nutrition ; Hospital Departments ; Hospitals, Convalescent* ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Meals ; Medical Records ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritionists

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB)-based oral health program (OHP) and walking exercise program (WEP) on oral health behaviors, periodontal disease, physical activity, and psychological indicators (depression, stress, and quality of life) in pregnant women. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was adopted to compare the effects of a 12-week OHP and WEP on pregnant women (n=65). Pregnant women were randomly assigned to the oral health group (OHG; n=23), walking exercise group (WEG; n=21), or control group (CG; n=21). Data were analyzed by the χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, Scheffe test, and repeated measures ANOVA, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 21.0). RESULTS: The OHG and WEG showed significant improvements in oral health behaviors, periodontal disease, and psychological indicators as compared to the CG. The WEG showed significant improvement in physical activity as compared to the OHG and CG. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the IMCHB-based OHP and WEP were effective in improving periodontal disease, physical activity, and psychological indicators. However, further studies are needed to identify the positive effects of the OHP and WEP on birth outcomes.
Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Oral Health* ; Parturition ; Periodontal Diseases ; Pregnant Women* ; Social Sciences ; Walking*

Purpose: As industries develop rapidly, the risk of heavy metals pollution and exposure in the environmentand food is increasing. Even the slightest amount of heavy metals can be harmful to the human body, especiallyin newborn babies. This study aimed to estimate the heavy metals content in breast milk and identifyrelated factors. Methods: Thirty-nine lactating mothers admitted to the postpartum care center in Changwon city betweenJuly 15 and September 20, 2019 were recruited. Barium, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and lead concentrationsin breast milk were measured using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. Collecteddata were analyzed using independent t-test, 1-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U-test,Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The average concentration of heavy metals in breast milk (mg/kg) were as fellow: barium, 3.68±1.29; cadmium, 0.03±0.06; cobalt, 0.10±0.19; nickel, 0.22±0.27; and lead, 0.13±0.26. There was a significantdifference between lead concentration and monthly household income (t=2.46, p=0.019). Therewas a difference between a family history of diabetes and hypertension and barium concentration (t=1.97,p=0.056) and between smoking history and nickel concentration (t=-1.95, p=0.058), but they were notstatistically significant. A significantly positive correlation was observed between cobalt and cadmiumconcentrations (r=0.93, p<0.001), and a significant negative correlation was observed between nickel andcadmium concentrations (r=-0.40, p=0.010) and cobalt concentration (r=-0.46, p=0.003). In addition,lead concentration showed a significant negative correlation with age (r=-0.39, p=0.013). Conclusions Guidelines for safe levels of heavy metals concentrations in breast milk need to be establishedand lactating mothers should consider the risk factors related to heavy metals poisoning such as dietaryintake, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

This study explored the experiences of pregnant women with depressed mood participating ina group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program using video communication, based on Beck’s cognitive theory.Methods: The participants were six pregnant women out of 13 women who had participated in an 8-session group CBT program using video communication for women with depressed mood (EdinburghPostnatal Depression score of ≥9). Data were collected from February 20 through March 25, 2021. Indepth individual interviews were conducted through a video conferencing platform at 1 month post-baseline. Thematic analysis was done.Results: Three themes, 10 subthemes, and 38 concepts were derived from experiences of participating inthe 4-week group CBT program (twice a week). The first theme, entitled “continuing realization” hadsubthemes of “a negative and instable self,” “a selfish judgment that excludes others,” and “a strong beliefin self-control.” The second theme, entitled “attempt to change for restoration” had subthemes of “shift torational thinking,” “freedom from suppressed beliefs,” “tolerance of other people,” and “courage for self-expression.” The third theme, entitled “departure for a positive life,” had subthemes of “emotional healing,”“faith in oneself,” and “reestablishing the criteria for happiness.”Conclusion: Pregnant women with depressed mood expressed that continuing realizations and attemptsto change supported their transition toward a positive direction of healing. Thus, they were able to changetheir distorted thinking into rational thinking through CBT using video communication. These findingssupport the use of group CBT using video communication with pregnant women who have depressedmood.

Purpose: Depression during pregnancy is a public health problem because of it's negative effects on the health of mother, infant, and their family. The purpose of this study was to explore women's experiences during pregnancy. Methods: Data were collected from December 2, 2019, to February 10, 2020, through individual in-depth interviews with 8 pregnant women visiting at 2 women's hospital. Collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis. Results: The experiences of pregnant women with depression were clustered into the following six themes form 33 meaning units; 1) Maladaptation to pregnancy; 2) A future full of anxiety; 3) Loneliness without replying on someone; 4) I disappeared due to pregnancy; 5) Loss of mind control; 6) Struggle to overcome. In particular, depressed women during pregnancy experienced abnormal and negative emotions such as feeling of inferiority, self-deprecation, self-reproach, and suicidal thoughts. Conclusion This study show that pregnant women have significant symptoms of depression, and most of them were never given adequate treatment for their symptoms during pregnancy. To improve access to mental healthcare for depressed women during pregnancy, various aspects of strategies are needed which address individual, organizational, and sociocultural level. In addition, spouses and families must understand and empathize distress of pregnant women, and share the required role in the process of pregnancy and childbirth.

Purpose: Depression during pregnancy is a public health problem because of it's negative effects on the health of mother, infant, and their family. The purpose of this study was to explore women's experiences during pregnancy. Methods: Data were collected from December 2, 2019, to February 10, 2020, through individual in-depth interviews with 8 pregnant women visiting at 2 women's hospital. Collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis. Results: The experiences of pregnant women with depression were clustered into the following six themes form 33 meaning units; 1) Maladaptation to pregnancy; 2) A future full of anxiety; 3) Loneliness without replying on someone; 4) I disappeared due to pregnancy; 5) Loss of mind control; 6) Struggle to overcome. In particular, depressed women during pregnancy experienced abnormal and negative emotions such as feeling of inferiority, self-deprecation, self-reproach, and suicidal thoughts. Conclusion This study show that pregnant women have significant symptoms of depression, and most of them were never given adequate treatment for their symptoms during pregnancy. To improve access to mental healthcare for depressed women during pregnancy, various aspects of strategies are needed which address individual, organizational, and sociocultural level. In addition, spouses and families must understand and empathize distress of pregnant women, and share the required role in the process of pregnancy and childbirth.