Purpose: Clinical nurses who are mothers of preschool-aged children experience extreme parenting stress linked to their hospital work environment and shift work, differing from that generally experienced by mothers. This study aimed to develop and validate a parenting stress scale that considers the clinical nurses’ form of work and its characteristics. Methods: The scale items were initially derived from in-depth interviews and a literature review and were revised and modified based on the results of content validity testing by experts. The developed instrument was evaluated using data from 157 clinical nurses in South Korea who were mothers of preschool-aged children. Results: In the instrument validation stage, 19 items categorized in four factors (psychological burden, physical and mental fatigue, work shift, and work environment) were derived from construct validity, and the cumulative explanatory power was 56.6%. Furthermore, the convergent and discriminant validity and external construct were confirmed. Cronbach’s α of the final instrument was .86 (range: .81–.86). The validity and reliability of the newly developed parenting stress scale for clinical nurses were established in this study; it uses a 4-point Likert scale. A higher mean score by factor indicates a higher level of parenting stress experienced by clinical nurses. Conclusion This instrument would be beneficial to measure the level of parenting stress among nurses who work in hospitals and evaluate factors related to their parenting stress to devise effective interventions.

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Face Mask Use Scale (K-FMUS) among community-dwelling adults. Methods: The participants of the study were community-dwelling adults in Korea using face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The English FMUS was translated into Korean using forward and backward translation procedures. The construct validity and reliability of the K-FMUS were evaluated using the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the internal consistency reliability test. Results: The K-FMUS comprised 6 items divided into 2 factors. The variance of the factors was approximately 79.1%, which suggested that the scale indicated the effectiveness of face mask usage. The two factors were labeled as face mask use in society (4 items) and face mask use at home (2 items). Cronbach’s α value for the overall scale was .88. Conclusion The K-FMUS is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure face mask usage among community-dwelling adults in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Neonatal hypernatremia often occurs in poorly breastfeeding infants, and rehydration without complications is the primary treatment. However, the etiologies and management for neonates who present with hypernatremia immediately after birth are not well reported. In this case report, we describe a neonate with hypernatremia and hyperosmolality, born to a mother with oligohydramnios of unknown etiology. Meticulous fluid therapies considering the time to physiologic diuresis were successfully performed, and the underlying cause was determined to be an uncontrolled maternal central diabetes insipidus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the actual situation of mask wearing by adults in the early stages of the coronavirus epidemic and to identify factors that influence the transition to mask wearing and establish a management plan for more effective infectious disease prevention. Methods: This study was a multinational study conducted in ten countries. Data collected in Korea were analyzed. Adults over the age of 18 in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas were targeted, and data for 657 adults were analyzed. Results: The average score for mask-wearing compliance was 16.25, ranging from 0 to 24. There was a significant positive correlation between anxiety and depression, as well as anxiety and mask-wearing compliance. There was a significant negative correlation between depression and mask-wearing compliance. Multiple linear regression revealed that mask-wearing compliance was predicted by levels of the anxiety, depression, and education. These explanatory variables explaining the dependent variable mask-wearing compliance was 12%. Conclusion To identify and improve factors influencing mask-wearing compliance, general characteristics including educational background of participants were identified. Psychosocial factors such as anxiety and depression should also be considered. In addition, as the level of anxiety and depression will differ for each person, differentiated interventions according to psychological state should be provided.

Purpose: This study examined the mediating effect of bowel function symptoms in the relationship between social support and uncertainty in rectal cancer patients. Methods: In total, 132 rectal cancer patients were recruited online. Data were collected from October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020 using on-line questionnaires and were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients and bootstrapping for mediation. Results: Social support had a significant and positive effect on bowel function symptoms and a negative effect on uncertainty. Bowel function symptoms had a significant negative effect on uncertainty; and showed a statistically significant mediating effect in the relationship between social support and uncertainty. In other words, social support had direct and indirect effects on uncertainty. Conclusion In rectal cancer patients, social support attenuated bowel function symptoms and showed direct and indirect effects on uncertainty. Therefore, to increase the social support of rectal cancer patients, the patients’ family, friends, and meaningful others should be involved in providing nursing. In order to reduce bowel function symptoms, which have a mediating effect, rectal cancer patients need to be well aware of the symptoms of bowel function that change after surgery. Systematic pre- and post- operative education would be help reduce uncertainty.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among uncertainty, meaning of life, and anxiety in preoperative cancer patients. METHODS: Study participants were 90 adult patients with thyroid, breast, gastric, or colorectal cancer who were admitted to the general surgery ward and daily operation center in a university-affiliated hospital. Data were collected using Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and a multivariate linear regression analysis (backward stepwise) with SPSS version 24. RESULTS: Anxiety showed a positive correlation with uncertainty in illness (r=.59, p < .001) and a negative correlation with meaning of life (r=−.49, p < .001), and uncertainty had a negative correlation with meaning of life (r=−53, p < .001). The regression model explained 40.0% variance of preoperative cancer patients' anxiety (F=20.55, p < .001). Significant factors were uncertainty (β=.43, p < .001), meaning of life (β=−.20, p < .001), and low income level (β=.18, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Our study's findings show that cancer patients' anxiety can be reduced within 24 hours before surgery through psychological nursing interventions aimed at reducing uncertainty and improving the meaning of life.
Adult ; Anxiety ; Breast ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Nursing ; Preoperative Period ; Thyroid Gland ; Uncertainty

PURPOSE: To develop nurses' educational needs scale for woman with infertility. METHODS: A total of 201 nurses in charge of infertility health services in 4 infertility hospitals and 1 public health center were enrolled for this study. The scale was developed through literature review, in-depth interview, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, development of secondary items, verification of construct validity, and extraction of final items. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α. RESULTS: Nurses' educational needs scale for women with infertility consisted of 41 items. Three factors (education for disease and symptom of infertility, supporting and counselling for infertility patients, and education for daily life of infertile patients) explained 63.7% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses' educational needs scale for woman with infertility demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. Its items could be used to assess the level of educational needs for nurses in charge of infertility health services.
Education ; Female ; Health Services ; Humans ; Infertility ; Needs Assessment ; Public Health ; Reproducibility of Results

Purpose: High-quality nursing care must be provided for women with infertility, and their nursing care needs must be identified. Although scales have been developed to assess infertility-related stress, quality of life, and psychosocial status, there is a lack of scales that assess the nursing care needs of women with infertility. The purpose of this study was to develop a needs assessment scale for nursing care in women with infertility and to verify its reliability and validity. Methods: The 250 subjects in this study were women with infertility recruited from four hospitals. The scale was developed following the framework of DeVellis, through a literature review, in-depth interviews, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, development of secondary items, verification of construct validity, and extraction of the final items. Date were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach’s alpha. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha, and validity was evaluated using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and criterion validity. Results: The final version of the nursing care needs assessment scale for woman with infertility consisted of 18 items. Four factors (physical and psychological nursing care needs, needs for information regarding treatment, needs for infertility-related understanding and concern, and supportive needs) explained 66.0% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha was .92 for the overall instrument and ranged from .88 to .91 for the subscales. Conclusion These results suggest that this needs assessment scale for nursing care in women with infertility demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability and contained items suitable for assessing the level of nursing care needed by women with infertility.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Health Care Empowerment Questionnaire (K-HCEQ) after translating it into Korean. Methods: Items were verified after translating the HCEQ into Korean, followed by back-translation and evaluation of content validity. The questionnaire survey was administered to 200 community-dwelling individuals aged≥65 years. Construct validity and criterion validity were evaluated, and Cronbach’s a was used to assess the reliability of the scale. Results: The final instrument consisted of three sub-factors and 10 items, as shown by confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the criterion-related validity showed a correlation coefficient of .50 (p<.001), confirming the validity of the developed instrument. Cronbach’s a for all items was .94, and Cronbach’s a of the sub-factors ranged between .88 and .93. Conclusion The Korean version of the HCEQ for the elderly is an objective indicator that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of health education programs aimed at older adults, thereby improving their health care empowerment.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to develop a scale to measure the grit for nurses and to examine the validity and reliability of the scale. METHODS: Through a literature review and focus group interviews, 28 preliminary items were selected. After a content validity examination by experts, 35 items were chosen. The questionnaire survey for this study was conducted with 330 nurses from five hospitals in A city in Korea. Among them, 305 met the inclusion criteria for analyses. RESULTS: From the exploratory factor analysis to determine validity, three factors were drawn. The variance explanation by the three factors was 56.62%, which means that the scale explained grit in clinical nurses. The three factors were labeled as ‘sustained persistence’ (5 items), ‘consistency of interest as a nursing professional’ (5 items), and ‘Patient oriented intrinsic motivation’ (4 items). The grit for criterion-related validity showed that the correlation coefficient was .53 (p<.001), validating the developed scale. For internal consistency, Cronbach's α coefficient was .91. CONCLUSION Through the development process for the instrument as described above, the clinical nurses' grit was shown to have validity and reliability. Improving the grit of clinical nurses may contribute to prevention of turnover.