Objective: There is a growing interest in the safe use of medications in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find ways to improve education about safe medication use by investigating the status of medication use of pregnant and breastfeeding women, and by evaluating their knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward safe medication use. Methods: In this study, a self-report questionnaire was conducted on pregnant or breastfeeding women in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The questionnaire consisted of the following four sections; 1) sociodemographic characteristics of participants, 2) experience of medication use, 3) experience of being educated on safe medication use, and 4) knowledge, attitudes, and practices about medication use during pregnancy/breastfeeding. Results: A total of 203 participants were included in the analysis. Of these, 38.4% reported to take prescription medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Regarding education on safe medication use, nearly 90% of the participants answered that they were not educated or were unsure whether they had it. In the knowledge-attitude-practice evaluation on safe medication use, the knowledge level was the highest (mean, 4.45), followed by the attitude level (mean, 3.58) and the practice level (mean, 3.33). The preferred education method of the participants was online education using a computer or mobile phone application, etc. Conclusions This study suggests that there is a need for systematic and effective education that can link knowledge of safe medication use with attitudes and practices in pregnant and breastfeeding women.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative administration of clonidine is an effective treatment for shivering. However, the ability of this drug to stop postanesthetic shivering when administered intraoperatively remains controversial. Furthermore, the efficacy of clonidine during isoflurane and propofol/fentanyl anesthesia remains unknown. We therefore evaluated the incidence of postanesthetic shivering in patients given clonidine during isoflurane/N2O or propofol/fentanyl/N2O anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled for hysterectomy were divided into 4 groups (each group n = 15):(Group 1:isoflurane/clonidine; group 2:isoflurane/saline; group 3:propofol,fentanyl/clonidine; group 4:propofol,fentanyl/saline). The patients of groups 1 and 2 were anesthetized with N2O/O2/isoflurane and in group 3 and 4 with a continuous infusion of propofol (5 10 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.5 microgram/kg) and N2O. Five minutes before tracheal extubation, patients in each group were randomly assigned to receive saline or 2.5 microgram/kg clonidine intravenously. Postanesthetic shivering was evaluated by a blind investigator. We checked mean arterial pressure, pulse, rectal temperature at baseline, immediately after extubation, and subsequently at 5 min intervals for 60 min. RESULTS: Postoperative shivering was observed in 33% of the patients given isoflurane without clonidine and in 13% of the patients given propofol without clonidine (p < 0.05). No patient given clonidine shivered. The incidence of postanesthetic shivering was less after propofol anesthesia than after isofurane/ N2O anesthesia. Clonidine administration 5 minutes before tracheal extubation improved hemodynamic changes without respiratory depression. CONCLUSIONS: A late intraoperative bolus adminstration of 2.5 microgram/kg clonidine prevents postoperative shivering in patients given either type of anesthesia.
Airway Extubation ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Clonidine* ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Incidence ; Isoflurane ; Propofol ; Research Personnel ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Shivering*

Background: The safe use of medication in children is important, as it can have significant implications for their health and wellbeing. Parents or caregivers play a crucial role in the medication administration process. Therefore, this study would evaluate the needs and current status (knowledge, attitude, and practice) of caregivers for children on the safe use of medication. Methods: We conducted questionnaires on 150 caregivers with children under nine years old and asked about their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the safe use of medication and their needs. Each question was conducted on a 5-point scale. Results: Of the 150 respondents, 128 were women, 75 were in their 30s, and 63 were in their 40s. Among them, 29 parents answered that they had been educated about the safe use of medicines, and 26 (84%) were satisfied with the education. Knowledge, attitude, and practice assessments on drug safety use (mean±SD) were found to be 3.83±0.44, 3.67±0.38, and 3.53±0.45, respectively. There were significant differences between the educated group and the uneducated group in knowledge and practice, not attitude. Conclusion To provide appropriate education to caregivers of pediatric patients is necessary to ensure the safe and effective use of medication in children. Moreover, appropriate education can improve caregivers' understanding of medication use and lead to proper administration. Therefore, it is imperative to develop educational materials and strategies for medications that incorporate both specialized knowledge and practical applications for pediatric patients.

Background/Aims: Previous studies have revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and thiazolidinedione (TZD) can improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, comprehensive research comparing the effects of GLP-1RA and TZD is limited. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of GLP-1RA and TZD on NAFLD or NASH through a network meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that explored the efficacy of GLP-1RAs or TZDs in adult patients with NAFLD or NASH. The outcomes were liver biopsy-based (NAFLD activity score [NAS], fibrosis stage, and NASH resolution), noninvasive technique-based (liver fat content on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy [1H-MRS] and controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]), biological, and anthropometric indicators. A random effects model was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) and relative risk with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Twenty-five RCTs with 2,237 overweight or obese patients were included. GLP-1RA was significantly superior in reducing liver fat content evaluated using 1H-MRS (MD –2.42, 95% CI –3.84 to –1.00), body mass index (MD –1.60, 95% CI –2.41 to –0.80), and waist circumference (MD –4.89, 95% CI –8.17 to –1.61) than TZD. In liver biopsy-based evaluation and liver fat content assessment using CAP, GLP-1RA tended to surpass TZD, albeit not significantly. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results with the main results. Conclusions Compared with TZD, GLP-1RA had better effects on liver fat content, body mass index, and waist circumference in overweight or obese patients with NAFLD or NASH.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the monitoring experience of nursing students and to suggest considerations when developing mentoring programs. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted by online surveys and individual interviews with 7 nursing students who participated in the health promotion program as mentors. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to identify motives for participating in mentoring and to explore their changes through mentoring. RESULTS: The results were as follows: Motives for participating were ‘inquisitiveness about children’, ‘interest in mentoring activities’ and ‘curiosity about research’. Recognition of mentor roles were ‘actively involved guide’, ‘exemplary role model’ and ‘empathetic emotional supporter’. Changes through mentoring experiences were revealed by ‘understanding the characteristics of children’, ‘improvement of interaction ability with children’, ‘understanding self and changes’ and ‘recognition of excellence in forest activities’. CONCLUSION: Nursing students had opportunities to learn the characteristics of general children and to understand themselves through natural interaction. Participation in mentoring has the potential to be a creative educational method of field learning as a form of service learning.
Child ; Forests ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Learning ; Mentors* ; Methods ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing*

Purpose: Malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a significant factor affecting their adequate growth and development. This study aimed at conducting surveys and evaluating the dietary intake of children with CP according to their BMI classification and to thereby highlight the dietary factors affecting the nutritional status of these children. Methods: A total of 16 children were enrolled between the age of four and twelve. These subjects were further classified into three groups, namely underweight, normal and obese, with 6, 8, and 2 children in each group, respectively. The general characteristics, motor disturbances, body composition, feeding problems, eating habits, nutritional intake, dietary variety, and food frequency for children with CP were evaluated. Results: It was observed that motor disturbances tended to increase in underweight children with CP. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in disturbances related to oral feeding was observed with an increase in obesity. The pattern of eating habits revealed that subjects in the underweight group consumed unbalanced meals, while those in the obese group tended to consume larger meals at a faster pace. The feeding disturbance data revealed that those in the underweight group could not prepare their meals while the obese group had the problem of overeating and consuming an unbalanced diet (p < 0.05). Conclusion It is necessary for both children with CP, who have a high degree of disability, and their caregivers to take lessons on adequate nutrient intake to prevent malnutrition.Moreover, it is necessary for the caregivers and children with CP having a low degree of disability to take lessons on providing and consuming a balanced diet and to focus on the intake of sufficient calcium in order to prevent obesity.