A study on the effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (Supatonin) against Brugia malayi infection was conducted on Cheju Island in September 1965. A total of 182 persons living in a village of Aiwol Myun, Bukcheju-Gun was examined for microfilaraemia. Microscopic examination of smears of 20 microliter of blood revealed a microfilaria positivity rate of 28.5 per cent. At the end of September 1965, 34 confirmed microfilaria positive cases were treated with DEC at a daily dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight. A full course of 12 days of drug administration divided of two rounds for 6 days each was used. The first round of treatment was given under a strict supervision of the author in order to observe carefully side-effects of the drug. The second round of treatment was given in January 1966. The microfilaria density in 20 microliter of blood of those who received the drug was checked four times; before the treatment, during the first round of the treatment, 2 weeks and 4 months after the completion of the first round. The pre-treatment mean microfilaria density of 104.6 diminished to nearly zero (only two cases with one microfilaria respectively) 2 weeks after the first round and again slightly rose up to 0.5 four months after the first round. These results indicate that DEC (Supatonin) is highly effective to eliminate the microfilaria of B. malayi. However, severe side-effects, e.g. fever (average 38.6C, maximum 39.7C), headache, backache and seldom abdominal discomfort ect. were observed. There were two cases of withdrawal from the scheme due to refusal.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Brugia malayi ; chemotherapy-diethyl carbamazine ; diethylcarbamazine

PURPOSE: To report 2 cases of cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with intravitreal ganciclovir. CASE SUMMARY: A 29-year-old female (Case 1) who received immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for 3 months after pancreatic transplantation, was given an intravitreal Bevacizumab injection 4 times in each eye under the suspicion of bilateral central retinal vein occlusion. During follow-up, a new lesion with white opacification and multiple snowballs appeared in the left eye. Suspecting cytomegalovirus retinitis, we administered an intravitreal ganciclovir injection resulting in a decrease of white opacification and improvement of visual acuity. A 66-year-old male (Case 2) who was receiving treatment for general weakness and heart failure, presented with visual disturbance in both eyes. Fundoscopic examination revealed white opacification, multiple snowballs and retinal hemorrhage in the left eye; diagnostic vitrectomy was performed. Macular edema and subretinal fluid continued after the vitrectomy and the serologic testing revealed an IgG titer positive for cytomegalovirus, therefore, an intravitreal injection of ganciclovir was given. Macular edema and subretinal fluid decreased and visual acuity improved. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal ganciclovir can be an effective treatment option for the management of CMV retinitis.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Cytomegalovirus ; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis ; Eye ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Ganciclovir ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Intravitreal Injections ; Macular Edema ; Male ; Mycophenolic Acid ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retinal Vein ; Retinitis ; Serologic Tests ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tacrolimus ; Transplants ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Bevacizumab

PURPOSE: We report the occurrence of pupil abnormality in 3 patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. CASE SUMMARY: Three patients diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus developed pupil abnormality. (Case 1) A 37-year-old male diagnosed 1 month prior with anterior uveitis secondary to herpes zoster ophthalmicus presented with peripheral corneal erosions, inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber, diffuse iris atrophy, almost fully-dilated pupils, and loss of pupil light reflex in the right eye. (Case 2) A 72-year-old male presented with vesicles on the right side of the face, and dendritic corneal ulcer, and inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber on initial examinations. After 5 days without treatment by his choice, decreased vision, decreased pupil light reflex, and ovoid-shaped pupils developed. (Case 3) A 63-year-old female presented with left ocular pain, vesicles around the left eye, dendritic corneal ulcer, inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber, and isocoric pupils with normal pupil light reflexes. However, in her left eye, the pupillary ruff was partially lost and the pupil was larger than the right pupil after the start of a 3-week treatment regimen. The pupil in Case 2 returned to normal after 1 month, but in cases 1 and 3, no improvements of pupil abnormalities were observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Herein we presented 3 patients that were diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and subsequently developed pupil abnormalities. In the cases of pupil abnormalities, checking for a history of herpes zoster ophthalmicus is necessary to make a differential diagnosis.
Adult ; Aged ; Anterior Chamber ; Atrophy ; Corneal Ulcer ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Eye ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus ; Humans ; Iris ; Light ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pupil ; Reflex ; Uveitis ; Uveitis, Anterior ; Vision, Ocular

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to provide basic data in the control of depression found in patients with fibromyalgia by analysing the main factors that affect them. METHOD: The subjects were 207 out-patients in three university medical centers diagnosed with fibromyalgia according to the conditions by American College of Rheumatology (1990). Depression was measured by the CES-D Scale. Dependant variables, such as stress and anxiety were measured by the VAS Scale and physical activity was measured using 10(4-point-scale) questions developed by the researcher. The number of tender points was converted to scores based on the criteria of the ACR(1990) and of Yunus. Self-efficacy was measured by the Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Lorig et al.(1989) for arthritis patients. RESULT: The main factors that affect depression of patients with fibromyalgia were self-efficacy, anxiety, physical activity, tender points fatigue, and family support, which explained 49% of the depression. CONCLUSION: It has been confirmed that the regression equation model of this research may serve as a predictor of depression in patients with fibromyalgia.
Self Efficacy ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Fibromyalgia/*psychology ; Female ; Fatigue ; Family ; Exercise ; Depression/*etiology ; Anxiety ; Adult

Of those neonates admitted with TGA, 4.1% died before surgery. 3.7% died due to consequences of inadequate interatrial mixing despite PGE1 infusion. Earlier diagnosis and balloon atrial septostomy are critically important in determining survival. Prenatal diagnosis with delivery in a high-risk obstetrical unit with facilities for immediate BAS and supportive therapy for pulmonary hypertension. A management using inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was successfully used in neonates with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum, and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Early arterial switch operation may improve survival in patients with low birth weight or prematurity. Optimal management of dextrotransposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum is currently an arterial switch procedure performed in the first 2 weeks of life. However, a subgroup of patients presents for surgery beyond this time for reasons of necrotizing enterocolitis, low birth weight, or late referral. In this case, arterial switch following LV retraining in TGA IVS is a satisfactory option. In conclusion, meticulous care and harmonious team work between pediatric cardiologist and cardiac surgeon are essential for successful perioperative care of TGA.
Alprostadil ; Arteries ; Diagnosis ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Nitric Oxide ; Perioperative Care* ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Referral and Consultation ; Transposition of Great Vessels* ; Ventricular Septum

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the efficacy of a communication ability enhancement program for nursing students in Korea through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. METHODS: The researchers searched data-bases, including the Data Base Periodical Information Academic, Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library and National Assembly Library. The key words used included ‘communication’ and ‘nursing student’. The researchers evaluated articles published up to July 2016. Out of 381 selected articles, 20 clinical trial studies were meta-analyzed. Each article was evaluated in accordance with the Checklist of Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. The effect size of communication ability, self-efficacy and interpersonal relations were synthesized by a random effects model from analysis software (R 3.2.3). The heterogeneity of effect size was analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory moderator analysis. RESULTS: The overall effect size of the program was of a moderate level (SMD=0.78, 95% CI: 0.49~1.07) along with each outcome of self-efficacy (SMD=0.80, 95% CI: 0.23~1.37), and interpersonal relations (SMD=0.47, 95% CI: 0.14~0.80). For heterogeneity, moderator analysis was performed, by grade, and a statistically significant moderator was found. CONCLUSION: It is evident that a communication ability enhancement program for nursing students is moderately effective in improving communication ability, self-efficacy and interpersonal relations.
Checklist ; Communication* ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Interpersonal Relations ; Korea* ; Nursing* ; Population Characteristics ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This research has been conducted in order to understand the major factors that affect self-esteem of adolescents. METHODS: Data was collected by questionnaires from 1155 students at middle and high school in Seoul and Kyungkido, Korea. The Instrument tools utilized in this study were self-esteem, body-image, problematic behavior, depression, school adjustment, social support tool and thoroughly modified to verify validity and reliability. The collected data have been analyzed using SPSS 11.0 program. The variable of family harmony and counseling partner was treated as a dummy variable. Seven outliers which were bigger than 3 in absolute value were found, so after taking them off, Multiple Regression was used for further analysis. RESULT: The major factors that affect self-esteem of adolescents were depression, social support, body-image, problematic behavior, school adjustment, and family harmony, which explained 54.7% of self-esteem. CONCLUSION: It has been confirmed that the regression equation model of this research may serve as a self-esteem prediction factors in adolescents.
Social Support ; *Self Concept ; Male ; Korea ; Humans ; Female ; Body Image ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Adolescent Behavior ; Adolescent

PURPOSE: This research has been conducted in order to understand the major factors that affect self-esteem of adolescents. METHODS: Data was collected by questionnaires from 1155 students at middle and high school in Seoul and Kyungkido, Korea. The Instrument tools utilized in this study were self-esteem, body-image, problematic behavior, depression, school adjustment, social support tool and thoroughly modified to verify validity and reliability. The collected data have been analyzed using SPSS 11.0 program. The variable of family harmony and counseling partner was treated as a dummy variable. Seven outliers which were bigger than 3 in absolute value were found, so after taking them off, Multiple Regression was used for further analysis. RESULT: The major factors that affect self-esteem of adolescents were depression, social support, body-image, problematic behavior, school adjustment, and family harmony, which explained 54.7% of self-esteem. CONCLUSION: It has been confirmed that the regression equation model of this research may serve as a self-esteem prediction factors in adolescents.
Social Support ; *Self Concept ; Male ; Korea ; Humans ; Female ; Body Image ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Adolescent Behavior ; Adolescent

PURPOSE: This study was to monitor the effects of forming desirable eating and exercise habits and change the blood lipid levels by developing and applying E-Mail educational programs for a hyperlipidemia health check-up. METHOD: The research design used a nonequivalent control group pre-post test. Ninety-nine subjects (Exp.=50, Cont.=49) were selected randomly and the male subjects agreed to a hyperlipidemia health check-up at a comprehensive medical screening center. This study verified validity and reliability through factor analysis on a life habit measurement tool. The data was analyzed with SPSS win 12.0 using an chi-square-test,t-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA. RESULT: Eatingand exercise habit scores of the experimental group which were educated through E-Mails changed considerably more than that of the control group which was not educated. Total-cholesterol and LDLcholesterol in the experimental group was considerably lower than that in the control group, but HDL-cholesterol increased considerably. Triglycerides, however, didn't show change. CONCLUSION: An E-Mail educational program may be applied as a hyperlipidemia health check-up nursing intervention strategy.
Adult ; Cholesterol/blood ; *Electronic Mail ; Health Status ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias/*nursing/psychology ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Theory ; *Patient Education as Topic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Care

PURPOSE: To demonstrate genetic background of pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD), I examined the genetic polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in KD patients. METHODS: PCR-RFLP of PAI- 1 promotor gene was analyzed in 56 KD patients admitted to Kyunghee University Hospital, Gachon Medical School Gil Hospital, and Eulji Hospital from March to August 2000 and 206 normal control populations. RESULTS: There were no differences in the genotype and allelic frequency of the PAI-1-675 (4G/5G) and PAI-1-844 (G/A) polymorphic site (which are located in the promoter region) between KD and control subjects. Also I could not detect any significant differences in specific genotypes between patients with the coronary artery lesion (CAL) and patients without CAL. CONCLUSION: No association was observed in -844 G/A and -675 4G/5G of PAI-1 gene polymorphism with KD.
Coronary Vessels ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; Plasminogen Activators* ; Plasminogen* ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic* ; Schools, Medical