PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate factors that influence university women with eating problems. METHODS: Study participants were 307 women from two universities. Self-report questionnaires which included items on eating problems, satisfaction with body shape, self-esteem, body mass index, and weight control methods were used. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, chi2 tests, and a multiple binary logistic regression. RESULTS: About 20% of the undergraduate women were experiencing eating problems. The problematic eating group showed more dissatisfaction with body shape than the normal eating group, and used more diets, fasting, diet-products, and uretics/laxatives to control body weight. Significant predictors for the problematic eating group were diets, diet-products, BMI, self-esteem and dissatisfaction with body shape. The strongest predictors were diets; risk for women university students who had been on a diet was 15 times higher than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: It is pertinent for health professionals to start intervention programs to educate university women with eating problems. The contents should include information on healthy weight control methods, improving satisfaction with body shape and self esteem, as well as creating social atmosphere about healthy body shape for women.
Atmosphere ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Eating* ; Fasting ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Concept

To evaluate the sclerotic effects and skin damage of varicose sclerosing agents such as polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, hypertonic saline, ethanolamine oleate, these agents were injected into rabbit ear vein and subcutaneous tissue, and the tissue specimens were obtained after 3 hours and 24 hours. The results were as follows. 1) The detergent sclerosing agents (polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulfate and ethanolamine sulfate) have strong sclerosing effect and showed the difference in effect according to their concentration, and the skin change was more severe than osmotic agent. 2) The sclerosing effect of osmotic agent (hypertonic saline) was equal to or somewhat less than that of detergent sclerosing agents, but the skin change was minimal. Therefore in the sclerotherapy of early phase varicose vein and telangiectasia, use of osmotic agent (23.4% hypertonic saline) or diluted detergent sclerosing agents (0.75% polidocanol, 0.25% sodium tetradecyl sulfate and 1.5% ethanolamine oleate) might be safe, but in case of more advanced varicose vein, the detergent sclerosing agents (1% polidocanol, 0.5% sodium tetradecyl sulfate and 3% ethanolamine oleate), which have strong sclerosing effect, might be useful.
Detergents ; Ear ; Ethanolamine ; Oleic Acid ; Sclerosing Solutions ; Sclerotherapy ; Skin ; Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Telangiectasis ; Varicose Veins ; Veins

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is rare, serious sporadic encephalitis associated with high mortality in untreated cases. Although cognitive impairment with fever could be the clue of diagnosis, various symptoms can make it difficult to be diagnosed. Dizziness is one of the most frequent symptoms ENT doctors can encounter. Authors experienced the HSE patient suffered rotatory sense of dizziness as a primary symptom and treated the patient successfully without major complication. We reported our experience and findings of vestibular function test of patient. It could be helpful to other ENT doctors who encounter similar patients.
Dizziness ; Encephalitis ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex ; Fever ; Herpes Simplex ; Humans ; Methylmethacrylates ; Polystyrenes ; Vestibular Function Tests

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine by providing researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for study. iPSCs can self-renew and can differentiate into many cell types, offering a potentially unlimited source of cells for targeted differentiation into somatic effector cells. Hence, iPSCs are likely to be invaluable for therapeutic applications and disease-related research. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of iPSC generation that has been made with an emphasis on both basic and clinical applications including disease modeling, drug toxicity screening/drug discovery and cell replacement therapy.
Drug Design ; Genomics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Proteomics ; Regenerative Medicine ; Stem Cells

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most severe peripheral artery disease and caused by thrombus formation in blood vessel. The current strategies for treating CLI does not protect limb amputation and reduction in the risk of mortality. Recently, human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BD-MSC) were reported to have a paracrine effects on angiogenesis in several ischemic diseases. So, we validate to determine whether BD-MSC protect against ferric chloride treated CLI and induce angiogenesis. To characterized human bone marrow derived stem cell, BD-MSC differentiated to osteocytes and adipocytes and validated stemness using flow cytometry. Endothelial cell induced angiogenesis followed by mesenchymal stem cell cultured medium treatment in HUVEC in vitro. We also mimicked CLI patients condition using FeCl₃ treated CLI mouse and injected one hundred thousand of BD-MSC along the femoral artery to leg muscle. We validated stem cell survival, blood vessel formation, leg muscle condition and fibrosis compared by saline injected mice 28 days later. In this study, BD-MSC cultured medium treatment increased migration and tube formation of HUVEC and BD-MSC injection had an effective blood vessel formation in FeCl₃ treated CLI. As well as blood vessel formation, limb salvage rate also improved and fibrosis area statistically decreased in BD-MSC injected mice. In conclusion, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell improved not only blood vessel formation but also reduction of fibrosis in FeCl₃ treated CLI mice and finally protected limb amputation.
Adipocytes ; Amputation ; Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Bone Marrow ; Endothelial Cells ; Extremities* ; Femoral Artery ; Fibrosis ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ischemia* ; Leg ; Limb Salvage ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Mice ; Mortality ; Osteocytes ; Peripheral Arterial Disease ; Stem Cells ; Thrombosis

Background: Obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are common conditions and are interrelated. Obesity is a risk factor for OSA and independently associated with EDS. We aimed to evaluate frequency of EDS in morbid obese patients with OSA and to identify contribution factor for EDS. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study in single sleep center. Consecutive patients with OSA (with apnea-hypopnea index 5/h or more) with morbid obesity (body mass index over 35 kg/m2) was enrolled. EDS were defined as Epworth Sleepiness Scale of 10 points or more. Clinical and polysomnographic variables were compared between those with and without EDS. Results: Total 110 morbid obese patients with OSA were enrolled, and 34 (31%) of them had EDS. Those with EDS had higher subjective symptom of insomnia and depression. Rapid eye movement sleep latency was shorter and minimum saturation was lower for those with EDS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified insomnia severity (odds ratio, 1.117) and minimum saturation (odds ratio, 0.952) as independent contribution factor for EDS. Conclusions Result of this study suggest that 31.4% of morbid obese patients with OSA have EDS, and it can be affected by insomnia severity and desaturation during sleep.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression. RESULTS: Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.
Bullying ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Sex Offenses ; Violence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A number of surgical procedures exist to improve facial symmetry for patients with facial paralysis. Whereas static symmetry is often improved, dynamic asymmetry frequently persists because of the imbalance of complex coordinated movements of facial expression. The paralyzed face is often distorted by the excessive pull of the normal contralateral face during emotional expression. We report the use of botulinum toxin in patients with facial paralysis to improve lower facial asymmetry by limiting the excessive pull of contralateral face. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Ten adult patients with unilateral facial paralysis were included in this study. Patients had injections at contralateral facial muscle which were zygomaticus major, levator labii superioris and depressor angularis orii. The effectiveness of the botulinum toxin injections on facial symmerty and patient appreciation of this were assessed by measuring the level difference of both mouth angles and difference in the distance from the midline to both mouth angles before and 1 month after injection. Also patients were asked to fill up the questionnaire about the magnitude of effect and any related side effects of injection at 1 month follow up. RESULTS: Botox injection decreased the level difference of both mouth angle and difference of distance from midline to both mouth angles in patients with unilateral facial paralysis at full-denture smiling. Five of ten patients were reported as moderate to marked improvement in expressive facial asymmetry after botulinum toxin injection into normal lower face. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin injection is a useful ancillary technique for improving dynamic facial asymmetry of the paralyzed face.
Adult ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Facial Asymmetry ; Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles ; Facial Paralysis* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mouth* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation* ; Smiling

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bone resorption in middle ear cholesteatoma is mostly responsible for serious complications of the disease, but the pathogenesis of destruction due to bone resorption has not been fully elucidated, although osteoclast activation have been indicated in reports to have a major effect. We have investigated if the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a cytokine that is arguably the most critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation and activation and its natural inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), may be important in the bone loss of cholesteatoma. Also, we evaluated the correlation of RANKL and OPG level with the extent of bone destruction. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A real time RT-PCR was performed to determine and quantify the expression of RANKL and OPG mRNA in 13 cases of cholesteatoma and 8 cases of normal auditory canal skin. RESULT: 1) All cholestatoma and normal external auditory canal skin expressed both mRNA of RANKL and OPG 2) mRNA of RANKL in cholesteatoma were expressed significantly higher than normal external auditory canal skin (p<0.05). 3). The ratio of RANKL to OPG concentration was significantly higher in cholesteatoma than in the normal external auditory canal skin (p<0.05). 4) The ratio of RANKL to OPG was significantly correlated to the extent of bone destruction (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the RANKL-OPG loop feedback system is defined in cholesteatoma. RANKL may play a role in the bone destruction of cholesteatoma. In particular, the balance in the ratio of RANKL to OPG is more important than RANKL.
Bone Resorption ; Cholesteatoma* ; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear ; Ear Canal ; Osteoclasts ; Osteoprotegerin* ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B* ; RNA, Messenger ; Skin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Facial palsy in children is uncommon, but not rare. Most patients with facial palsy are idiopathic, as in Bell's palsy. Nevertheless, other more serious causes should be carefully excluded before Bell's palsy is diagnosed. We tried to characterize the causes, treatment methods, and the recovery rate of facial palsy in children. SUBJCETS AND METHOD: Between January 1986 and July 2005, we examined 157 patients who presented with facial palsy in Kyunghee University Hospital. The patients' ages ranged from 0 to 15. RESULTS: The highest age groups were children in their school period. The causes of facial palsy in children were in the order of following frequences : Bell's palsy (66.2%), infection (14.6%), trauma (13.4%), birth trauma (3.2%), leukemia (1.3%), facial burn (0.6%), iatrogenic (0.6%). Treatment methods according to causes were steroid, antiviral, antibiotics, acupuncture, myringotomy, facial nerve decompression, and nerve graft. The recovery rate was 93.1% in Bell's palsy, 100% in birth trauma, 100% in acute otitis media, 83.3% in herpes zoster oticus, 33.3% in temporal bone fracture, and 50% in cerebral contusion. CONCLUSION: Facial palsy in children results from variable causes in the order of Bell's palsy (66.2%), infection (14.6%), trauma (13.4%), birth trauma (3.2%), leukemia (1.3%), facial burn (0.6%), and iatrogenic (0.6%). There were variable treatment methods according to different causes and many of the children had acupuncture. Facial palsy caused by birth trauma and acute otitis media had satisfactory recovery rates in all cases, whereas Bell's palsy patients showed 93.1% satisfactory recovery and trauma patients 33.3%.
Acupuncture ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bell Palsy ; Burns ; Child* ; Contusions ; Decompression ; Facial Nerve ; Facial Paralysis* ; Herpes Zoster Oticus ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Otitis Media ; Paralysis ; Parturition ; Temporal Bone ; Transplants