OBJECTIVES: While most neurological models of schizophrenia have focused on cerebral functions, cerebellar abnormality, especially in cerebellar vermis has been repeatedly reported in schizophrenic patients from brain imaging and lesion studies. And cerebellar vermis has been implicated for adaptive control of saccadic eye movements, which has not been studied in schizophrenics to our knowledge. METHOD: We investigated saccadic adaptation using double-step paradigm in 5 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 5 age and sex-matched normal controls. Gaze and head movements were recorded with scleral search coil method in head-free condition. RESULTS: Time course of adaptation in schizophrenics was similar to that of normal control but it never reached to the complete level of adaptation seen in control, and accordingly gaze gain (gaze amplitude/target amplitude) was low even after 600 adaptive trials. Head contribution to gaze saccade was relatively low and time to peak head velocity was longer in schizophrenics. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that schizophrenic patients used a different strategy of gaze control and some schizophrenics might have cerebellar abnormality. Variability across patients in adaptation parameters need to be further investigated in combination with cerebellar volumetry. This study was supported by "In-san Schizophrenia Research Grant" from the Research Institute of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association in 1997.
Academies and Institutes ; Cerebellum ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Eye Movements* ; Head ; Head Movements ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Neuroimaging ; Saccades ; Schizophrenia

Esophageal foreign bodies are a common clinical problem; they can be removed via endoscopic intervention. However, sharp foreign bodies, such as fish bones, stuck in a physiological or pathological stenosis of the esophagus can sometimes lead to esophageal perforation. This can even lead to fatal complications, such as empyema, mediastinitis, esophago-tracheal fistula, and peritonitis. Consequently, during an endoscopic procedure, special precautions and protective devices are required. Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with an esophageal impacted fish bone with iatrogenic esophageal perforation caused by the gag reflex during endoscopic removal. She was treated successfully with surgery and antibiotics. The case highlights the need for sufficient sedation of the patient and attention by clinicians to achieve successful treatment without complications.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Empyema ; Esophageal Perforation* ; Esophagus ; Female ; Fistula ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Mediastinitis ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Peritonitis ; Protective Devices ; Reflex*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Common endoscopic findings in stomachs with Helicobacter pylori infections include antral nodularity, thickened gastric folds, and visible submucosal vessels. These findings are suggestive but not diagnostic of H. pylori infection. Magnifying endoscopy can reveal more precisely the abnormal mucosal patterns in an H. pylori-infected stomach; however, it requires more training, expertise, and time. We aimed to establish a new classification for predicting H. pylori-infected stomachs by non-magnifying standard endoscopy alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 617 participants who underwent gastroscopy were prospectively enrolled from August 2011 to January 2012. We performed a careful close examination of the corpus at the greater curvature maintaining a distance < or =10 mm between the endoscope tip and the mucosal surface. We classified gastric mucosal patterns into four categories: normal regular arrangement of collecting venules (numerous minute red dots), mosaic-like appearance (type A; swollen areae gastricae or snakeskin appearance), diffuse homogenous redness (type B), and mixed pattern (type C; irregular redness with groove) to predict H. pylori infection status. RESULTS: The frequencies of H. pylori infection in patients with a normal regular arrangement of collecting venules pattern and types A, B, and C patterns were 9.4%, 87.7%, 98.1%, and 90.9%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of all abnormal patterns for prediction of H. pylori infection were 93.3%, 89.1%, 92.3%, and 90.6%, respectively. The overall accuracy was 91.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Careful close observation of the gastric mucosal pattern with standard endoscopy can predict H. pylori infection status.
Classification ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy* ; Gastroscopy ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach ; Venules

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely used solvent in the chemical industry, is known to induce toxic hepatitis. However, there have been no reported cases of DMF-associated autoimmune hepatitis. A 31-year-old healthy man working at a glove factory since July 2015 had intermittently put his bare hands into a diluted DMF solution for his first 15 days at work. After 2 months, he felt nausea, fatigue, and hand cramping, and a jaundice followed. His laboratory findings showed positive autoantibodies and elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG), and his liver biopsy pathology was typical of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Prednisolone and azathioprine therapy began, and he recovered rapidly without adverse events. Though his liver chemistry was normalized, the IgG level remained persistently upper normal range. His 2nd liver biopsy performed in April 2019 showed mild portal activity, and he was well under a low dose immunosuppressive therapy up to April 2020. This case warns of the hazard of occupational exposure to DMF, and clinicians should be aware of DMF-related AIH for timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.