OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the job stress level of post-graduate students in schools of natural sciences and engineering in order to evaluate the relationship between temperament, character and job stress. METHODS: All the 254 subjects were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire, KOSS-SF and TCI-RS. Among them, only 220 were eligible for analysis. Statistical methods used included chi-square test, independent t-test, Mann Whitney test, ANOVA test, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with PASW ver.18. RESULTS: Age, degree course, working hours per week, work tenure, smoking habits, exercise, and disease history were associated with job stress and hours worked per week, smoking being associated with TCI-RS subscales. For job demand, interpersonal conflict scores were higher than Korean standard. In multiple linear regression analyses, R2 scores of temperament subscales on job stress were 0.099~0.312 and those of character subscales on job stress were 0.056~0.249. CONCLUSIONS: Job stress was associated with the unique traits of individuals, temperament and character. In order to manage job stress, the personality, as well as work environment, was found to be important considerations.
Humans ; Linear Models ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Temperament

PURPOSE: The survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer has not substantially improved during the last decade. Serum tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the mucin associated cancer antigen (CA15-3) and the tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) have been used for monitoring and detecting recurrences in patients with diagnosed breast cancer. However, their precise role in the management of patients with breast carcinoma has not yet been firmly established. METHODS: CEA, CA15-3 and TPS were measured serially in a consecutive series of 136 patients (56 patients with recurrent cases and 70 patients with no evidence of recurrence) with breast cancer. Relationships between tumor marker levels and sites of recurrent disease were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 38 months. RESULTS: Among the recurrent patients, local recurrences accounted for 16 cases (28.6%), bone metastasis for 10 cases (21.4%) and multiple metastasis for 18 cases (32.2%). Tumor markers in cases of organ or multiple metastases were higher than in cases of local recurrence. The sensitivity and the specificity of the tumor markers in patients with breast carcinomas were 44.6 and 94% for CEA, 51.8 and 99% for CA15-3, and 66.07 and 94% for TPS, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serial measurements of plasma CEA, CA15-3 and TPS are a cost-effective method to detect recurrence in breast carcinoma patients.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Plasma ; Recurrence ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is notorious for its high metastatic potential, and 30% of RCC patients present with metastatic disease at the initial presentation and 50% of them will develop metastasis or recurrence after radical surgery. METHODS: In an attempt to identify the best predictive marker(s) for metastasis in patients with clear cell RCCs (CRCCs), we examined the expression patterns of 7 metastasis/prognosis-related markers by constructing a tissue microarray including primary CRCC specimens from 30 metastatic and 60 nonmetastatic CRCCs. The markers we studied were Ki-67, MUC1, CD44s, PTEN, gelsolin, CA9 and p53. RESULTS: The expressions of Ki-67, PTEN, CD44s, gelsolin and p53 were increased, whereas those of MUC1 and CA9 were decreased in the metastatic CRCCs compared with the non-metastatic CRCCs. The receiver operating characteristic curve-area under the curve (AUC) value of Ki-67 was 0.671, which was the highest among the 7 markers. The optimal cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity of the Ki-67 expression were 1.67%, 86.7% and 41.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the Ki-67 expression was increased in metastatic CRCCs, and it had the highest predictive value among the 7 markers. This suggests that Ki-67 could be an excellent predictive marker for metastasis in CRCC patients.
Sensitivity and Specificity ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Neoplasm Metastasis

Background: We aimed to examine the uptake of infliximab and etanercept biosimilars in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its economic implication for healthcare expenditure. Methods: Using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service National Patient Samples, we extracted RA patients who used biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) between 2009 and 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the basic features of the data. We calculated the proportion of users of each bDMARD among total patients with bDMARDs half-yearly. We assessed changes in the utilization proportions of bDMARDs including 4 tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) and 2 non-TNFis, which have been approved for RA in Korea: etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, tocilizumab, and abatacept, and analyzed the changes in market share of biosimilars among the bDMARDs after their introduction. Overall trends of medical costs for each bDMARD were presented over the 10-year period. Results: Since the introduction of the biosimilar TNFis in 2012, the proportion of their use among bDMARDs steadily increased to 15.8% in 2018. While there has been a gradual increase in the use of biosimilar TNFis, the use of the corresponding originators has been decreasing. The introduction of biosimilar TNFis has resulted in a decrease in the medical costs of patients using either originator or biosimilar TNFis. Conclusion In Korea, the proportional use of biosimilar TNFis has gradually increased since their introduction. The availability of less expensive biosimilar TNFis seems to have brought about a decrease in the medical costs of users of the originators.

Background: We aimed to examine the uptake of infliximab and etanercept biosimilars in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its economic implication for healthcare expenditure. Methods: Using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service National Patient Samples, we extracted RA patients who used biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) between 2009 and 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the basic features of the data. We calculated the proportion of users of each bDMARD among total patients with bDMARDs half-yearly. We assessed changes in the utilization proportions of bDMARDs including 4 tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) and 2 non-TNFis, which have been approved for RA in Korea: etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, tocilizumab, and abatacept, and analyzed the changes in market share of biosimilars among the bDMARDs after their introduction. Overall trends of medical costs for each bDMARD were presented over the 10-year period. Results: Since the introduction of the biosimilar TNFis in 2012, the proportion of their use among bDMARDs steadily increased to 15.8% in 2018. While there has been a gradual increase in the use of biosimilar TNFis, the use of the corresponding originators has been decreasing. The introduction of biosimilar TNFis has resulted in a decrease in the medical costs of patients using either originator or biosimilar TNFis. Conclusion In Korea, the proportional use of biosimilar TNFis has gradually increased since their introduction. The availability of less expensive biosimilar TNFis seems to have brought about a decrease in the medical costs of users of the originators.