Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a main cause of failure in retinal reattachment surgery. There have been many studies about the inhibition of proliferative vitreoretinophthy with several drugs. Authors investigated the inhibitory effect of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and retinal toxicity with various concentration of daunorubicin after intravitreal injection into the eyes of the pigmented rabbit. 7 pigment rabbit (11eyes) were used as subjects. After lensectomy and vitrectomy, control group was injected dermal fibroblast and F-BSS, and treatment group was injected dermal fibroblast and 5, 10, 15, 30 nmol Daunorubicin. At two weeks after intravitreal injection, both group were enucleated and examined with gross finding, light--microscopy, and electronmicroscopy. In all control group, proliferative vitreoretinopathy was found, but only preretinal membrane formation was found in 5, 10 nmol Daunorubicin injected group. In 15 nmol Daunorubicin injected group, the retina structure was preserved normally. In 30 nmol Daunorubicin injected group, the retinal outer segment was degenerated in microscopic finding. These results show that Daunorubicin has a potent effect on proliferative vitreoretinopathy, especially in 15 nmol, but retinal toxicity is suspected in marethan 30 nmol.
Daunorubicin* ; Fibroblasts ; Intravitreal Injections ; Membranes ; Retina ; Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment ; Retinaldehyde ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative*

Pattern-reversal retinal potentials(PRRP) are electrical signals generated within retina, possibly by the retinal ganglion cells, when a phase-alternating check board pattern is viewed. Authors clinically studied the characteristics of PRRP the mean amplitude and latency with 24 minute checks, the effect of the spatial frequency, the effect of defocusing and the retinocortical time in 20 normals, using Nicolet CA 1,000. The results are as follows; 1. The mean latency P1 and the mean P1-N2 amplitude of PRRP in normal group was 39.19 +/- 3.30(msec), 1.32 +/- 0.22(uV), respectively. 2. The mean retinocortical time in normal group was 52.93 +/- 7.39(msec). 3. The P1-N2 amplitude of PRRP was reduced linearly with increasing defocusing, and significant amplitude reduction was observed when defocusing amounted to +1D. 4. When central 3 degree of stimulus was covered in order to simulate a macular pathology, PRRP to 24 minute checks was abnormal both in amplitude and latency. 5. Peak response amplitude of PRRP was obtained with large checksizes(3 degrees 12 minutes, 6 degrees 24 minutes).
Pathology ; Retina ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinaldehyde*

The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is unknown, but the systemic character of the IgA deposits (skin and glomerular capillaries), the presence of circulating IgG and IgA complexes and its similarity to Henoch-Schonlein purpura suggest that it is an immune-complex mediated disease. The nature and source of the antigen are unknown. Anatomically, the extremely vascular uvea offers a favorable site for the interplay of various components of immune reaction. We have experienced a 21-year old male who had a choroiditis and IgA nephropathy and had suffered the Henoch-Schonlein purpura when he was 16-years old. We performed the choroidal aspiration and scleral buckling, but steroid and other specific therapy were not given. In the course of follow-up check, the choroidal lesion and hematuria were progressively subsided. In conclusion, we report that the choroiditis is manifested as a part of immunecomplex mediated disease associated with IgA nephropathy.
Adolescent ; Choroid* ; Choroiditis* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Male ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; Scleral Buckling ; Uvea ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Induction of anesthesia with a high dose of fentanyl and vecuronium decreases the heart rate and blood pressure. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of preinduction atropine on these hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: Forty-one patients who underwent CABG were randomly divided into two groups. After insertion of a radial artery cannula and a Swan-Ganz catheter, normal saline 1 ml (control group, n = 20) or atropine 0.5 mg (atropine group, n = 21) was injected intravenously 1 min before the induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with a first dose of fentanyl (5-8 microgram/kg) and vecuronium (0.12 mg/kg) and a second dose of fentanyl (5-10 microgram/kg). The patient was then intubated. Hemodynamic variables were measured before the induction of anesthesia, 1 min after the administration of each drug during the induction of anesthesia and 5, 10, and 30 min after the intubation. RESULTS: There was no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic data except that the number of patients with diabetes mellitus was greater in the control group than in the atropine group. The number of patients treated for hypotension or bradycardia during the induction of anesthesia was greater in the control group than in the atropine group, but this was not statistically significant. Heart rates significantly decreased in the control group but were maintained in the atropine group without any significant tachycardia. Blood pressure significantly decreased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous injection of atropine before anesthetic induction in patients undergoing CABG attenuates the decrease in heart rate resulting from anesthetic induction with high dose fentanyl and vecuronium. However, it didn't prevent the decrease in blood pressure nor did it reduce the incidence of treatment for hypotension.
Anesthesia ; Atropine* ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Catheters ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fentanyl* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Injections, Intravenous ; Intubation ; Radial Artery ; Tachycardia ; Transplants ; Vecuronium Bromide*

The various method have been used in reconstruction of the anophthalmic socket. Dermis-fat graft as an orbital implant is a relatively new approach. Dermis-fat graft restores the volume lost by enucleation, gives additional conjunctival lining and is permanent, with a minimal chance of absorption. Dermis-fat graft was used in reconstruction of an ophthalmic socket in our hospital. We found it successful procedure in case of primary enucleation, because it is permanent and it preserves the conjunctiva.
Absorption ; Conjunctiva ; Orbital Implants ; Transplants*

The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the destruction and recovery of the blood retinal barrier after photocoagulation and cryotherapy in the rabbits. The 110 pigmented rabbits were used in this experiment. After photocagulation and cryotherapy we injected intravenousely a dose of 25 mg/kg of fluorescein sodium, and then sampled blood and vitreous and measured the concentration of fluorescein sodium by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The calculated penetration ratio which indicates the destruction of the blood retinal barrier is obtained by dividing fluorescein sodium concentration of vitreous by integral of fluorescein sodium concentration of the plasma from 3 min to 60 min. Subsequently, fundus photography and enucleation for flat preparation were performed in each experimental rabbit. The fluorescein concentration of vitreous of the normal rabbit is 3.60 +/- 4.75 X 10(-9)gm/ml and its penetration ratio is 0.20 +/- 0.23 X 10(-6) min. After measuring the correlation between the frequency of photocoagulation and penetration ratio and between the frequency of cryotherapy and penetration ratio, we found out that the correlation coefficient was 0.885 and 0.909 respectively. And this experiment showed that penetration ratio was higher in cryotherapy group than in photocoagulation group. In addition, we divided these experimental animals into 4 groups, mild and severe cryotherapy groups and lighter and heaver photocoagulation groups, and assessed the penetration ratio of these four groups at 1,3,7,14,28, and 42 days after treatment. As a result, penetration ratio was highest at 3 days after treatment and was almost back to normal by 42 days in all experimental groups except in severe cryotherapy group. Compared with photocagulation groups, cryotherapy groups showed more extensive destruction and delayed recovery of the blood retinal barrier. In fundus photography, in the photocoagulation groups white patch was developed after treatment, at 7 days white patches disappeared and were replaced by pigmented and scarred tissue; by 42 days the margin of these lesions was indistinct and the lesions were changed into relatively small scarred patches. On the other hand, in the cryotherapy groups the thick round white patch wasdeveloped after treament, at 7 days large round white patches disappeared and were replaced by pigmented and scarred tissue; by 42 days the lesions were replaced by large scarred patches with pigmentation and depigmentation. In flat preparation, in the photocoagulation groups central necrotic zone and intermediate zone with hyperpigmentation and peripheral zone with hypopigmentation was presented at 1 day. In the cryotherapy groups the diminished density, in the center and white ring at the margin was revealed at 1 day. From 7 days in photocogulation groups and from 14 days in the cryotherapy groups, retinal pigment epithelium began to show proliferation and by 42 days, retinal pigment epithelial layer of both groups except severe cryotherapy group was replaced by relatively normal retinal pigment epithelium.
Animals ; Blood-Retinal Barrier* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Cicatrix ; Cryotherapy* ; Fluorescein ; Hand ; Hyperpigmentation ; Hypopigmentation ; Light Coagulation* ; Photography ; Pigmentation ; Plasma ; Rabbits* ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; Retinaldehyde

PURPOSE: The authors sought to determine the neuroprotective effect of melatonin in a model of ischemic injury in rabbit retina. METHODS: Ischemia was induced by high intraocualr pressure. A dose of 100 microgram of melatonin or dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) alone was injected intravitreally just after the induction of ischemia. After 7 and 14 days, the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on ischemic retina was examined with light microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: The authors found reduction of cytoplasm of retinal ganglion cell(RGC), vacuole formation, chromatin condensation and rupture of nuclear membrane in ischemia-injured eyes treated with DMSO alone. But in melatonin treated eyes, we found that RGC layer's thickness and number of RGC reduced and destruction of cytoplasmic organells and nuclear damage were minimal. The partial recovery of wave is noted in melatonin-treated eyes after ischemia induction. CONCLUSIONS: The melatonin(100 microgram) protected the rabbit retina from high intraocular pressure-induced ischemic injury when administered intravitreally. Melatonin may be useful to decrease neuronal damage in the retina as a result of ischemic injury. But further investigations are neccesary to decide effective concentration, route and time of administration.
Chromatin ; Cytoplasm ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Ganglion Cysts ; Ischemia* ; Melatonin* ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents* ; Nuclear Envelope ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde* ; Rupture ; Vacuoles

Electron microscopic examination of proliferative membranes in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was performed in order to evaluate the components of the membranes. The proliferative membranes were obtained from nine patients with ROP stage 5 during pars plicata lensectomy, vitrectomy, and delamination of membrane. Fibrous astrocytes, myofibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages, and calcification were found respectively in two cases, and fibroblast-like cells were found in one case. Varying amounts of collagen tissues were found in eight cases and vascular tissues in four cases. Most of membranes were hypocellular and composed mainly of collagen matrix. It is considered that fibrous astrocytes, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and vascular structures are involved in the formation of proliferative membranes of ROP, and that later these cells degenerate and disappear, and that finally only collagen matrix remains in the membranes.
Cataract Extraction ; Child, Preschool ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Microscopy, Electron ; Retina/*ultrastructure ; Retinopathy of Prematurity/*pathology

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the difference in concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueour humor after betamethasone subconjunctival injection on upper and lower fornix after cataract extraction. A total of 8 rabbits were used. Cataract extractions were performed with the cryoprobe. After 6 hours, 0.53% betamethasone was subconjunctivally in upper fornix of the left eye and injected in lower fornix of the right eye. The control group of 3 rabbits underwent with the same procedures but the without lens delivery. the concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was measured with HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatograph) after fine needle aspiration of aqueous humor. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In 5 eyes of the control group in 3 rabbits, 0.53%betamethasone was injected subconjunctivally on the lower fornix. The mean concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.544 +/- 0.0818 microgram/ml. 2. After 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on upper fornix after lens extraction, the mean concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.318 +/- 0.0117 microgram/ml. 3. After 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on lower fornix agter lens extraction, the mean concentration of 0.53%betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.702 +/- 0.0332 microgram/ml. 4. The mean concentration of the betamethasone in aqueous humor after 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on lower fornix after lens extraction was significantly higher than on upper fornix(p<0.05).
Aqueous Humor* ; Betamethasone* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Cataract Extraction ; Rabbits

PURPOSE: There were many studies on the distributions of the retinal ganglion cells(RGC) in the experimental model of the retinal ischemia. RGC was known to be more sensitive to the ischemic injury than the other types of the retinal cells. So, we would identify the changes of the retinal ganglion cell morphologies and distribution after the iatrogenic retinal ischemia induced by intraocular pressure(IOP) elevation. METHODS: Eight pigmented and six white rabbits were used and retinal ischemia was induced by increasing IOP higher than 120 mmHg for 60 minutes. Electroretinogram were recorded at 6 days or 13 days, and histologic findings were observed at 7 or 14 days. RESULTS: After 7 days, RGC densities decreased, cytoplasmic staining disappeared, and the intranuclear hyperpigmentation was noted. RGC densities decreased significantly at 14 days. In the vertical retinal section, some flattening of retinal ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer was observed. Changes in the cellular morphologies were prominent. CONCLUSIONS: It may be more appropriate to examine both the retinal whole-mount and the vertical tissue section for the estimatation of the changes of retinal ganglion cell layer in the pressure-induced retinal ischemia.
Cytoplasm ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Hyperpigmentation ; Ischemia ; Models, Theoretical ; Rabbits ; Retina* ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinaldehyde*