No abstract available.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attachment and behavior problems in adolescents. METHOD: A sample of 792 high school students were examined. Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Self-report Attachment Style, Youth Self-Report Child Behavior Checklist (YSR) were used to measure the attachment quality, the attachment pattern and the behavior problems respectively. RESULTS: As to the attachment quality, high score in fear of rejection, low dependability and low intimacy were related to the development of adolescent's internalizing problems. As to the attachment pattern, preoccupied and fearful with attachment experience were linked to the internalizing behavior problems of higher level as well as 'Attention problems' and 'Aggressive behavior' sub-scales of externalizing ones on YSR. CONCLUSION: High fear of rejection, low dependability and low intimacy characterise the insecure attachment. So the insecure attachment might predict the development of all internalizing behavior problems, attention problems and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Also the result suggested that the adolescents classified as Dismissing attachment may have a positive view of the self and may minimize the self reported behavior problems.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Checklist ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Humans ; Self Report

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean adolescent attachment patterns and their relations to parenting behaviors. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 792 high school students in Seoul. We assessed parenting behaviors perceived by adolescents and attachment type and quality of using Parenting Behavior Inventory, Self-report Attachment Style and Revised Adult Attachment Scale. RESULTS: 1) On the attachment pattern of adolescent, it revealed that 47.6% of the subjects were classified as "secure", 32.2% as "preoccupied", 14.6% as "dismissing" and 5.6% as "fearful". 2) The parental neglect was related to fearful and preoccupied patterns and parental inconsistency was related to preoccupied pattern. In terms of attachment quality and parental behavior, more parental affection and reasoning were related with more reliance. And more affection and less intrusiveness, neglect, and inconsistency were related with more closeness. More affection and reasoning and less physical abuse, intrusivenes, over-expectation, neglect, inconsistency were related with less anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that adolescent attachment pattern would be transitional compared with that of infancy and adult. More positive parenting behavior such as affection and reasoning, and less negative parenting behavior such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, neglect, inconsistency were related with secure attachment pattern. Also, less positive parenting behavior such as affection and reasoning, and more negative parenting behavior such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, neglect, inconsistency were related with insecure attachment patterns.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Anxiety ; Humans ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Receptors, Adrenergic* ; Steroids*

Background: Big data reports related to diseases and health care for the Korean population have been published since the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and the Health Insurance Review & Assessment (HIRA) Service provided limited open access to their databases. Here, we reviewed the structure, content, and means of using data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) system for the benefit of Korean researchers and presented the latest publication trends in Korean healthcare data procured from the NHI and HIRA databases. Methods: Since 2013, researchers have been able to obtain nationwide population-based studies using the NHI and HIRA databases of the insured. We searched publications using the NHI and the HIRA databases between 2013 and 2019 retrieved from PubMed. Results: The NHI and HIRA databases provide nationwide population-based data. The total number of publications from 2014 to 2019 using NHI and HIRA databases is 2,541 and 655, respectively. A total of 5,465 endocrinology-related studies were performed during 2014 to 2019. Conclusion The NHIS and HIRA databases have provided tools for guidelines to approach world-leading population-based epidemiology and disease research.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial carcinomas are pathogenetically classified into two major types; endometrioid carcinoma (EC) and serous carcinoma (SC). The most frequently altered gene in EC is the PTEN tumor suppressor gene (TSG). SC is usually associated with mutations in the p53 TSG. METHODS: To further determine the role of PTEN and p53 mutation in endometrial carcinogenesis, the analysis of 33 endometrial carcinomas, including 28 ECs and 5 SCs, for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 10q23 and for mutation in all 9 coding exons of PTEN and the 5-8 exons of p53, using SSCP-PCR methods was carried out. RESULTS: LOH was detected in at least one marker in 12 (54.5%) of 22 ECs, but in only one (20.0%) of 5 SCs. Somatic PTEN mutations were detected in 10 (35.7%) of 28 ECs. PTEN was altered in 67.9% of ECs and in 20.0% of SCs, including those with 10q23 LOH. No PTEN mutations were found among the SCs. Somatic p53 mutations were detected in 2 (7.1%) of 28 ECs and 3 (60.0%) of 5 SCs. CONCLUSIONS: PTEN gene alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of an endometrioid subtype of endometrial carcinoma, but not to the serous type. In contrast, p53 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SCs.
Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Endometrioid ; Clinical Coding ; Endometrial Neoplasms* ; Exons ; Female ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Loss of Heterozygosity

OBJECTIVES: Study results of association between dopamine transporter gene(DAT1) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) were not conclusive. Distribution of DAT1 polymorphism is variable according to ethnicity. Ethnic differences in the distribution of DAT1 can be an impediment to apply previous findings to Korean ADHD. This study was to examine the association between DAT1 and ADHD, and the risk allele of ADHD among DAT1 polymorphism in Korean. METHODS: DNA extracted from blood of 100 normal controls and 44 ADHD patients. DAT1 with variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR) were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The differences of allelic frequency distribution and genotype frequency distribution between patient group and control group were tested with Fisher's exact test. The pairs of allele and of genotype with difference between the two groups were selected by Fisher's excat test adjusting p-values with permutation method. Odds ratios of two alleles and of two genotypes between the two groups were computed. RESULTS: There was association between DAT1 and ADHD(genotype: p<0.05, allele: p<0.05. Patients with ADHD were more likely to have 440 base pairs than 480 base pairs comparing to controls (OR=4.46, 95% CI: 1.44-13.75). Patients with ADHD were more likely to have 9/10 genotype than 10/10 genotype comparing to controls(Odd Ration=3.74, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.11-12.61). CONCLUSIONS: We found the association between DAT1 and ADHD, and possible risk allele of Korean ADHD. Replication of the results in larger sample is needed.
Alleles ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Base Pairing ; DNA ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; Dopamine* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVE: Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal hormone that functions as a selective estrogen-receptor (ER) modulator in breast tissue. It is the first-choice drug for the postoperative treatment of ER-positive breast cancer patients. However, tamoxifen, if administered for a prolonged duration, has estrogen-like effects on the uterus, leading to an increased risk for the development of endometrial diseases such as endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyp, and endometrial cancer. This study was designed to investigate the effects of tamoxifen treatment on endometrium in breast cancer patients. METHODS: Fifty-five tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients visited an outpatient gynecology clinic. We analyzed the endometrial pathology with consideration to the duration of tamoxifen treatment the patient symptoms and the endometrial thickness, as measured by transvaginal ultrasonography. Endometrial polypectomy was performed to obtained polyps from women presenting with abnormal bleeding (17 polyps from postmenopausal women who had not been treated with tamoxifen and 14 from women who had been treated with this drug). To investigate the effects of tamoxifen treatment on the endometrial polyps, we performed immunohistochemical staining for ER, the progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki67 on the polyps obtained from both groups of women. RESULTS: In 29 (52.7%) of 55 tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients, the endometrium was more than 10 mm thick, and in 19 (65.5%) of these patients, the abnormalities noted comprised 11 endometrial polyps, 5 endometrial carcinomas, 2 submucosal myomas, and 1 endometrial hyperplasia. The incidence of endometrial proliferation was significantly higher in patients who had been treated with tamoxifen for less than 1 year (P=0.037) than in those who had been treated for more than 1 year. Although the endometrial carcinomas, submucosal myomas, and endometrial hyperplasia were found in the patients who had been treated for more than 1 year, this result was not statistically significantwhen compared with the other group. As compared to the endometrial polyps obtained from women who had not received tamoxifen treatment, those obtained from patients who had received the treatment exhibited significantly lower levels of ER expression (P=0.000) in the glands and increased levels of PR (P=0.031) and Ki-67 expression (P=0.000) in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS: During tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer, the endometrial pathology should be investigated if transvaginal ultrasonography reveals the tissue to be more than 10 mm thick. Although tamoxifen has significant effects on the expression of hormone receptors, the mechanism underlying the development of endometrial polyps does not appear to be mediated by the ER.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Endometrial Hyperplasia ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Endometrium ; Female ; Gynecology ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myoma ; Outpatients ; Polyps ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tamoxifen ; Uterine Diseases ; Uterine Hemorrhage ; Uterus

OBJECTIVES: School refusal can result from various causes; temperament, familial influences, and school experiences have been identified. This study was to compare family, school and psychological functioning in school-refusing adolescents and non-refusing ones. METHODS: Twenty-four school refusing outpatients aged 13-17 years were evaluated from May, 1998 to January, 1999. They completed self-report questionnaires, including Parent Bonding Instrument, Family Environment Scale, Index of Marital Satisfaction, Scales for School-related Distress, Center-for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, The Failure and Criticism Factor of Fear Survey Schedule from Children-revised. Their scores were compared with nonrefusers. RESULTS: The results were as follows: 1) School refusers perceived their family as more independence and achievement-oriented than nonrefusers. 2) School refusers did not differ significantly from nonrefusers in school-related distress. 3) School refusers had more depression than nonrefusers. 4) School refusers claimed more fear of having to go to school, and having to stay after school than nonrefusers. On the other hand, nonrefusers expressed greater apprehension about situations such as Being called on by the teacher, Getting poor grades, Failing a test, and Taking a test. CONCLUSION: The results suggested two postulated mechanisms of school refusals (overprotection and demanding of independence of parents) and possible causes of each result were discussed.
Adolescent* ; Appointments and Schedules ; Depression ; Disulfiram ; Hand ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temperament ; Weights and Measures